May 8, 1863 (Friday): The Governor Inquires

Governor John Andrew of Massachusetts

BOSTON, MASS.,
May 8, 1863-11 a.m.
Honorable E. M. STANTON,
Secretary of War;
     Thanks for your telegram. May I ask if storm and rise of Rappahannock determined Hooker's recrossing?


     JOHN A. ANDREW,
     Governor.


WASHINGTON, D. C.,
May 8, 1863.
Governor ANDREW,
Boston, Mass.:
    When General Hooker's official report is made it will no doubt answer all inquiries. The two causes mentioned were proximate and sufficient. What influences, if any, were exercised by other causes, I am unable to state. It is certain that he was not driven across by the enemy, or for want of force. Information has been received of the safe return of Stoneman's command.


      EDWIN M. STANTON.
      WAR DEPARTMENT.

Series I., Vol. 25, Part 2, Page 451.

There were three inches of rainfall from May 5-7, which Andrew alludes to.  It no doubt made Hooker's task more difficult, but it was not by any means the reason for his retiring over the river.  The condition of the Army of the Potomac was such it could not immediately resume operations and it would not have been prudent to remain, back to the river, with an aggressive opponent like Lee in his front.  Hooker's loss in killed, wounded, and missing was over 17,000 (or about 1/8th of his total force).  Confederate casualties were proportionately heavier, 13,000 of 60,000 engaged (more than 1/5th the total). 

May 7, 1863 (Thursday): Van Dorn Assassinated

Ferguson Hall, Spring Hill, TN.

GENERAL ORDERS, HDQRS. FIRST CAVALRY CORPS, Numbers 1.
Spring Hill, Tenn., May 7, 1863.
I. Major-General Van Dorn having just died, the undersigned, being the ranking brigadier-general present, hereby assumes command of this corps.
II. Brigadier-General Cosby will assume command of the First Division until further orders.

     W. H. JACKSON,


     Brigadier-General.



GENERAL ORDERS, HDQRS. FIRST CAVALRY CORPS, Numbers 3.
Spring Hill, Tenn., May 7, 1863.
     It becomes the sad duty of the brigadier-general commanding to announce to this corps the death of its late beloved and gallant commander, Major General Earl Van Dorn. He departed this life at 1 p. m. to-day. The sorrow with which his death is announced will be deeply felt by the country and by this corps, for to it his loss is an irreparable one. His career has been eventful. An educated soldier, he has served with distinction in the armies of his country for nearly a quarter of a century with varied successes, at times shrouded and enveloped in the gloom of defeat, at others his career made resplendent with the most glorious victories; but in the midst of it all he has presented the same calm, intrepid front. Self-sustaining, self-reliant, he bared his breast to every shock with that true, genuine nobleness and courage which he so eminetly possessed. At the commencement of the present war he occupied a very high position in the Army of the United States, which he had won for himself by his own valor and military skill unaided by any influence from powerful friends. Upon the dismemberment of the Federal Union he was amongst the first to resign his position and espouse the cause of his native State, Mississippi, by whose authority he was placed in command of her forces, second only to Jefferson Davis. Probably more interest has gathered around him than anyother general officer on this continent, for amidst the glory that his deeds had won for himself a storm of obloquy burst upon him at one time, and his friends trembled for his safety; but with his wonted calmness, steadily and bravely, he met his relentless enemies and hurled every charge trimphantly and proudly back upon them, making for himself a complete and magnificent vindication. it stands upon record; it is enrolled in the archives of the nation. Upon the battle-field he was the personification of courage and chivalry. No knight of the olden time ever advanced to the contest more eagerly, and after the fury of the conflict had passed away none were ever more generous and humane to the sufferers than he. As a commander he was warmly beloved and highly respected; as a gentleman his social qualities were of the rarest order; for goodness of heart he had no equal. His deeds have rendered his name worthy to be enrolled by the side of the proudest in the Capitol of the Confederacy, as it is, and long will be, sacredly and proudly cherished in the hearts of his command.
     By command of Brigadier General W. H. Jackson:


    GEO. MOORMAN,
    Captain and Assistant Adjutant-General.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 52, Part 2, Page 466.

Van Dorn was a veteran of hard fighting against the Commanches before the war, having been seriously wounded four times.  He also fought in the Mexican and Seminole wars before resigning to take command of Mississippi troops from Jefferson Davis when the later became President of the Confederacy.  He commanded the Department of Texas, led the 1st Division in the Army of the Potomac in late 1861 and in early 62' took command of the Trans-Mississippi Department fighting at Pea Ridge and Shiloh.  He then took command of the Army of the West and Army of West Tennessee.  After the loss at Corinth he was investigated but vindicated for his role in the defeat.  When he returned to action he returned to his natural role of cavalry commander but was killed at Spring Hill, Tennessee by Dr. Peters, a local resident, who stated Van Dorn had "violated the sanctity of his home."  Van Dorn's friends denied this were so, saying he was shot in the back in cold blood for political reasons.

May 6, 1863 (Wednesday): Lee Asks for More Cavalry (and Beauregard)

General George Stoneman

 

 

 

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA, May 7, 1863.
His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS,
President of the Confederate States:
    Mr. PRESIDENT: I hardly think it necessary to state to Your Excellency that unless we can increase the cavalry attached to this army we shall constantly be subject to aggressive expeditions of the enemy similar to those experienced in the last ten days. Their cavalry force is very large, and no doubt organized for the very purpose to which it has recently been applied. Every expedition will augment their boldness and increase their means of doing us harm, as they will become better acquainted with the country and more familiar with its roads.
    General Longstreet informs me that there are only five regiments of cavalry south of James River within his department, and he thinks four regiments at least are necessary there. He has, therefore, only ordered up one regiment for General Stuart.  I fear the three regiments ordered  from Western Virginia will be a long time reaching here, nor can we expect those from Georgia and Alabama, if ordered, to arrive before July.
    You can see, then, how difficult it will be to keep up our railroad communications and prevent the inroads of the enemy's cavalry. If I could get two good divisions of cavalry, I should feel as if we ought to resist the three of the enemy. I beg You Excellency will consider this matter, and see if it is not possible to augment our cavalry arm to the extent proposed as speedily as practicable. The disparity between our infantry force and that of the enemy is too large to reasonably expect success. The strength of the enemy seems to be greater than I had estimated, as, from various sources, it is stated they crossed the Rappahannock with 120,000 men. Our effective strength with which we marched out to meet him, according to the lest returns, did not reach 40,000. If these estimate are correct, you will see that the force opposed to us was three to our one. This disparity of numbers is corroborated by the extent of our loss, which is always in proportion to the inequality of forces engaged. I fear that our loss in killed and wounded will approximate 10,000 men in the different engagements.
    I bring these facts to Your Excellency's notice now that you may take such means as in your judgment seem best to increase the strength of the army. This can be done, in my opinion, by bringing troops from the departments of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. No more can be needed there this summer than enough to maintain the water batteries. Nor do I think that more will be required at Wilmington than are sufficient for this purpose. If they are kept in their present positions in these departments, they will perish of disease. I know there will be difficulties reaised to their withdrawal.  But it will be better to order General Beauregard in with all the forces which can be spared, and to put him in command here, than to keep them there inactive and this army efficient from paucity of numbers.
     There are many things about which I would like to consult You Excellency, and I should be delighted, if your health and convenience suited, if you could visit the army. I could get you a comfortable room in the vicinity of my headquarters, and I know you would be content with our camp fare. Should this, however, be inconvenient, I will endeavor to go to Richmond, though I feel my presence here now is essential.
     Hoping that you health is entirely restored, and that you will be attended with every success and happiness,
     I am, with great esteem, your obedient servant,


     R. E. LEE,
    General.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 25, Part 2, Pages 782-783.

Over time Chancellorsville has been reduced to a smashing victory for Lee, Jackson's crowning achievement of the flank attack on Howard's Corp, and his subsequent wounding and death.  But in the immediate aftermath there was great consternation over the ability of Stoneman's Cavalry to destroy railroad lines behind Lee and, in one instance, advance to within two miles of Richmond.  Lee here asks Davis to reallocate forces so as to prevent this happening again.  He advocates, as he would during the Gettysburg Campaign, that Beauregard and all the forces which could be spared from South Carolina and Georgia, be sent to Northern Virginia.  This would help fix the Union Army while Lee made an incursion into Union territory which might yield significant results. 

May 5, 1863 (Tuesday): Failed In Executing Orders

General Daniel Butterfield

IN THE FIELD, May 5, 1863 - 11 a. m.
(Received May 6.)
His Excellency ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
President of the United States:
    General Hooker is not at this moment able, from pressing duties, to write of the condition of affairs. He deems it his duty that you should be fully and correctly revised. He has intrusted it to me. These are my words, not his.
     Of his plans you were fully aware. The cavalry, as yet learned, have failed in executing their orders. Averell's division returned; nothing done; less 2 or 3 men. Buford's Regulars not heard from. general Sedgwick failed in the executing of his orders, and was compelled to retire and crossed, the river at Banks' Ford last night; his losses not known.
    The First, Third, Fifth, Eleventh, Twelfth, and two divisions of second Corps are now on scout bank of Rappahannock, entrenched between Hunting Run and Scott's Dam. Trains and Artillery Reserve on north bank of Rappahannock. Position is strong, but circumstances, which in time will be fully explained, make it expedient, in the general's judgment, that he should retire from this position to the north bank of the Rappahannock for his defensible position. Among these is danger to his communication by possibility of enemy crossing river on our right flank and imperiling this army, with present departure of two-years' and three-months' [nine-months'] troops constantly weakening him. The nature of the country in which we are prevents moving in such a way as to find or judge position or movements of enemy. He may cross to night, but hopes to be attacked in this position.


       DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
       Major-General, Chief of Staff.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 25, Part 2, Pages 421-422.

Lincoln must have wearied of these post battle telegrams.  His general of the hour explaining how things were not the disaster they seemed and how, absent unexpected circumstances, the original plan would have produced results.  Here Butterfield blames the cavalry and Sedgwick for the recent turn of events.  Oddly, Hooker from start to finish insisted he wanted to be attacked in whatever position he held. 

May 4, 1863 (Monday): "Do Not Communicate With Washington)

Quartermaster Rufas Ingalls

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC,
May 4, 1863 - 12 m. Captain WILLIAM G. RANKIN,
At Old Headquarters Army of the Potomac:
    Do not come up here yourself. Perhaps no one had better come just yet. Keep quiet; do not make any excitement. We are in great trouble, but we shall fight out. Do not communicate with Washington on the subject.


    RUFUS INGALLS,
    Chief Quartermaster.


WASHINGTON, D. C.,
May 4, 1863 - 3.10 p. m.
Major-General HOOKER:
     We have news here that the enemy had reoccupied heights above Fredericksburg. Is that so?


     A. LINCOLN.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC,
May 4, 1863 - 4.20 p. m.
His Excellency the PRESIDENT:
I am informed that it is so, but attach no importance to it.
JOSEPH HOOKER,
Major-General.

    JOHN SEDGWICK,
    Major-General. 

DOWNMAN'S HOUSE,
May 4, [1863]-10 p. m.
Major-General MCLAWS:
     GENERAL: Generals Anderson and Early drove the enemy handsomely form the positions on Downman's Hill beyond the Plank road. General Anderson's left is now on Plank road opposite to Mr. Guest's house, and his line perpendicular to the road. General Early is no his right. I do not yet know how far he has advanced. We cannot find any of the enemy south of the Plank road. But if we let them alone until morning we will find them again intrenched, so I wish to push them over the river to-night. I understand that Kershaw's left is at the toll-gate on the Plank road; Wofford on the right, not up to the road. I want them to advance the right of their line so as to occupy the Plank road, and you to communicate with the left of their line.
     Direct Colonel Alexander to endeavor to arrest all movements across Banks' Ford, or up the river road. Anderson and Early are north of the Plank road.
      I am, very respectfully, yours,


      R. E. LEE,
      General.

BANKS' FORD, VA., May 4, 1863 - 11.50 p. m.
(Received May 5 - 1 a. m.)
General HOOKER, United States Ford:
     My army is hemmed in upon the slope, covered by the guns from the north side of Banks' Ford. If I had only this army to care for, I would withdraw it to-night. Do you operations require that I should jeopardize it by retaining it here? An immediate reply is indispensable, or I may feel obliged to withdraw.


    JOHN SEDGWICK,
    Major-General. 

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 25, Part 2, Pages 401, 412, 860.

The Army of the Potomac had been defeated again.  Lee, without the portion of his army on service with Longstreet at Suffolk, had taken control of the situation and desired more than anything to push Hooker's forces back across the river.  An astute judge of the political element of campaigning he likely knew he would now have the initiative and could attempt a counter stroke designed to change the fortunes of war, which up to his point in 1863 had been decidedly in the Union's favor.  

May 3, 1863 (Sunday): Everything Snug Here

Chancellorsville (NPS.gov)

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-12 midnight.
(Received Sixth Corps, May 4-6.30 a.m.)
General SEDGWICK:
    I find everything snug here. We contracted the line a little and repulsed the last assault with ease. General Hooker wishes them to attack him to-morrow. If they will, he does not desire you to attack them again in force unless he attacks him at the same time. He says you are too far away for him to direct. Look well to the safety of your corps, and keep up communication with General Benham of Banks' Ford and Fredericksburg. You can go to either place if you think it best. To cross at Banks' Ford would bring you in supporting distance of the main body, and would be better than falling back to Fredericksburg.


    G. K. WARREN,
    Brigadier-General.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-2.25 a.m.
General HOOKER:
   General Sedgwick just reports three regiments threaten his left flank now and have engaged his pickets; three is still a force in Fredericksburg; that he is marching as rapidly as possible, but cannot reach you by daylight.


    DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
    Major-General, Chief of Staff.

MAY 3, 1863-2.35 a.m.
Major-General SEDGWICK:
   An aide just arrived from General Hooker. Everything in the world depends upon the rapidity and promptness of your movement. Push everything. I send the aide to you.


    DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
    Major-General, Chief of Staff.

FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-3.15 a.m.
Major-General SEDGWICK:
    Gibbon telegraphed at 2.40 o'clock that he is putting his pontoons in the water just above the Lacy house without opposition. The two guns were Gibbon's answer, with canister, to a volley of musketry from the opposite shore. No firing since.


    S. F. BARSTOW,
   Assistant Adjutant-General.


MAY 3, 1863-3 a.m.
[General J. E. B. STUART:]
   GENERAL: It is necessary that the glorious victory thus far achieved be prosecuted the utmost vigor, and the enemy given no time to rally. As soon, therefore, as it is possible, they must be pressed, so that we can unite two wings of the army.
    Endeavor, therefore, to disposess them of Chancellorsville, which will permit the union of the whole army.
I shall myself proceed to join you as soon as I can make arrangements on this side, but let nothing delay the completion of the plan of driving the enemy from his rear from his positions.
    I shall give orders that every effort be made on this side at daylight aid in the junction.
    Very respectfully,


     R. E. LEE,
     General.


MAY 3, 1863-3.30 a.m.
[Major General J. E. B. STUART:]
    GENERAL: I repeat what I have said half an hour since. It is all-important that you will still continue pressing to the right, turning, if possible, all the fortified points, in order that we can unit both wings of the army. Keep the troops well together, and press on, on the general plan, which is to work by the right wing, turning the positions of the enemy, so as to drive him from Chancellorsville, which will again unite us. Everything will be done on this side to accomplish the same object. Try and keep the troops provisioned and together, and proceed vigorously.
    Very respectfully,


    R. E. LEE,
    General.

HEADQUARTERS, May 3, 1863.
General THOMAS J. JACKSON,
Commanding Corps:
    GENERAL: I have just received your note, informing me that you were wounded. I cannot express my regret at the occurrence. Could I have directed events, I should have chosen for the good of the country to be disabled in your stead.
      I congratulate you upon the victory, which is due to your skill and energy.
      Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


     R. E. LEE,
     General.

CAMP NEAR FALMOUTH, VA., May 3, 1863-4.55 a.m.
Major-General SEDGWICK:
     The following has just been received from the commanding general, and is respectfully communicated to you for your information and guidance:


CHANCELLORSVILLE, May 3, 1863-4.10 a.m.
    The general commanding directs me to say that any force in front of General Sedgwick must be small one and must not check his advance.


     J. H. VAN ALEN,
     Brigadier-General and Aide-de-Camp.
     
      Very respectfully, &c.,


      S. WILLIAMS,
      Assistant Adjutant-General.


FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-5.45 a.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
     Heavy cannonading in Sedgwick's front for the last twenty minutes, apparently in front of Fredericksburg. No reports yet.


     DANL. BUTTERFIELD.


FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-6.08 a.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
     Balloon reports the enemy reappearing on heights in front of Sedgwick's crossing. Sedgwick, judging from the sounds, is meeting with strong resistance. I have no reports from him yet.


     DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
    Major-General.


FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-6.20 a.m.
General HOOKER:
    Sedgwick reports himself at Sumner's old battle-ground at 5.30 a.m., hotly engaged, and not sanguine of the result.


    DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
    Major-General.


FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-6.20 a.m.
Major-General SEDGWICK:
     Have telegraphed your dispatch to General Hooker. You know how much depends on your pushing, and, of course, will do everything in your power. I have directed the engineer officer to report for orders to you concerning the lower bridges.


     DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
     Major-General.


FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-6.45 a.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
     Sedgwick's prospects here look unfavorable, from reports. He is not out of Fredericksburg.


     DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
    Major-General, Chief of Staff.


FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-7.05 a.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
     Sedgwick still in front of Fredericksburg, as far as I can judge. Trains were running up all night to vicinity of Hamilton's Crossing. It may be that the enemy were re-enforced.


      DANL. BUTTERFIELD,  
      Major-General.


FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-8.30 a.m.
General HOOKER:
     Our skirmishers just occupied rebel rifle-pits on Hazel Run. Gibbon moving to right, with prospect of flanking the enemy. Enemy resist desperately.


      BUTTERFIELD.


FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-8.42 a.m.
General SEDGWICK:
    From statement of E. Buckley, of [J. P. W.] Read's (afterward Fraser's) battery, McLaw's division, a deserter, last night, the enemy formed column yesterday to frighten us. No great force there. Jackson's corps went above on Plank road. If an attempt had been made last night, we could have carried the heights.



     BUTTERFIELD.


FALMOUTH, May 3, 1863-8.45 a.m.
General HOOKER:
     Sedgwick at 7.40 o'clock reports about making combined assault on their works. Gibbon on right; Newton  center; Howe on left. If he fails, will try again.


     BUTTERFIELD.

BANKS' FORD, May 3, 1863-8.45 a.m.
General BUTTERFIELD:
     Dispatch received. Will do all possible to keep open telegraphic communication with United States Ford, and keep you advised. From the fire which approaches us, by the sound, I judge that we are pushing the enemy back.


      HENRY J. HUNT.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-9.15 a.m.
Major-General SEDGWICK:
    You will hurry up your column. The enemy's right flank now rests near the Plank road at Chancellorsville, all exposed. You will attack at once.
    By command of Major-General Hooker:


    C. B. COMSTOCK,
    Captain of Engineers.

MAY 3, 1863-11.27 o'clock.
General HOOKER:
    Signal station reports (11.20 o'clock) enemy retreating in great disorders. They abandoned their line from Hazel Run to their extreme left. They are trying to form on the Dahlman Heights; their attempt as yet fruitless.
BUTTERFIELD,
Major-General, Chief of Staff.

MILFORD, May 3, 1863.
President DAVIS:
    Yesterday General Jackson, with three of his divisions, penetrated to the rear of the enemy, and drove him from all his positions from the Wilderness to within 1 mile of Chancellorsville. He was engaged at the same time in front by two of Longstreet's divisions. This morning the battle was renewed. He was dislodged from all his positions around Chancellorsville, and driven back toward the Rappahannock, over which he is now retreating. Many prisoners were taken, and the enemy's loss in killed and wounded large.
   We have again to thank Almighty God for a great victory. I regret to state that General Paxton was killed, General Jackson severely, and Generals Heth and A. P. Hill slighlty, wounded.
R. E. LEE,
General, Commanding.

MAY 3, 1863-11.40 o'clock.
General HOOKER:
     Signal reports (11.15 a.m.) our troops gained crest of hill on Telegraph road; enemy retreating south on said road, with ambulances and wagons; some of their troops moving in direction of Orange Plank road. Sedgwick reports driving them on double-quick.


    BUTTERFIELD,
    Major-General.

UNITED STATES FORD, May 3, 1863-12 m.
General BUTTERFIELD:
     General Hooker is doing well. We have plenty of fresh troops still left, but have gained no ground to-day, yet our lines are strong; but no doubt another desperate effort will be made to force our position. We feel confident that Sedgwick must press them fast. Answer me here. I will take it to General Hooker. He wants Sedgwick to press them.


    RUFUS INGALLS,
    Chief Quartermaster.


     [Indorsement.]


MAY 3, 1863-1863-12 m.
General SEDGWICK:
    What answer can I send General Hooker?


    BUTTERFIELD.

MAY 3, 1863-12.30 p.m.
General HOOKER:
   Sedgwick's lines are now seen moving forward admirably and rapidly. With our glasses his troops are just made out. He has suffered but little, as we learn, in carrying the heights. Will keep you fully advised every moment.


    BUTTERFIELD.


MAY 3, 1863-12.32 p.m.
General HOOKER:
     Signal reports (12 m.) enemy still being driven on Sedgwick's right. To the left and rear of the Howison house the enemy have taken a position on Telegraph road,and are holding our forces in check. They are hotly contesting the ground at this point.



    BUTTERFIELD.

HEADQUARTERS SECOND DIVISION, May 3, 1863-1 p.m.
Lieutenant-Colonel McMAHON,
Assistant Adjutant-General, Sixth Corps:
     SIR: I have the honor to report that my division has taken five of the enemy's fortified works, one battery, and a large number of prisoners; the exact number I can [cannot] now state; they are still coming in. My loss in officers and men has been considerable.


     A. P. HOWE,
     Brigadier-General, Commanding Division.


MAY 3, 1863-1 p.m.
General HOOKER:
Enemy evacuating rifle-pits on the run, and artillery and infantry are moving at the double-quick to re-enforce the enemy at Chancellorsville; also everything appearing to be clean in our front or south of us. Shall I lay one bridge or two?


    H. W. BENHAM.


MAY 3, 1863-1 p.m.
General HOOKER:
    Colonel Smith, of General Owen's brigade, in charge of pickets, reports the enemy moving large bodies, with artillery, from Fredericksburg toward our right. I have sent orders to fire on such, if they pass within our range, just to make sure they are not our troops. The pickets of the enemy are reported to be leaving the rifle-pits across the river. General Benham is ready to throw the bridges, but none of our troops have made their appearance from above or below.


     HENRY J. HUNT.
     (Repeat to General Butterfield.)

BANKS' FORD, May 3, 1863-1.10 p.m.
General HOOKER:
   Captain Comstock's dispatch to General Sedgwick to support you from below received by him at 11.30 o'clock. He must be moving rapidly toward you. Their troops lately in our front are moving up in advance of him.


     H. W. BENHAM,
     Brigadier-General.

MAY 3, 1863-2.30 p.m.
Genera HOOKER:
    Following from General Warren, at 1 p.m.:


MAY 3, 1863-1 p.m.
General BUTTERFIELD:
    We have advanced with Newton's division on the Plank road as far as Guest's house. The heights were carried splendidly at 11 a.m. by Newton. Howe immediately afterward carried the heights to the south of Hazel Run. We have been waiting to get his division behind us before advancing, to get up batteries and stragglers, and get the brigades straightened out, which were a little disorganized by a successful charge and pursuit. Our loss, though honorable proof of a severe contest, is not very severe. The Sixth Corps is in splendid spirits. We captured several guns. General Howe reports a force yet in his front.
    Respectfully,


    G. K. WARREN,
    Brigadier-General of Volunteers.


 P. S.-Brooks' division were kept by the enemy's fire in position on our left, and after the heights were    carried he had 3 miles to march to join us. He is not up yet.

DANL. BUTTERFIELD.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-1.30 p.m.
His Excellency ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
President of the United States:
     From all reports yet collected, the battle has been most fierce and terrible. Loss heavy on both sides. General Hooker slightly, but not severely, wounded. He has preferred thus far that nothing should be reported, and does not know of this, but I cannot refrain from saying this much to you. You may expect his dispatch in a few hours, which will give the result.


    DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
    Major-General.


WASHINGTON, D. C., May 3, 1863.
Major-General BUTTERFIELD,
Chief of Staff:
    The President thanks you for your telegrams, and hopes you will keep him advised as rapidly as any information reaches you.
EDWIN M. STANTON,
Secretary of War.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-3.30 p.m.
(Received 4 p.m.)
His Excellency ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
President of the United States:
     We have had a desperate fight yesterday and to-day, which has resulted in no success to us, having lost a position of two lines, which had been selected for our defense. It is now 1.30 o'clock, and there is still some firing of artillery. We may have another turn at it this p.m. I do not despair of success. If Sedgwick could have gotten up, there could have been but one result. As it is impossible for me to know the exact position of Sedgwick as regards his ability to advance and take part in the engagement, I cannot tell when it will end. We will endeavor to do our best. My troops are in good spirits. We have fought desperate to-day. No general ever commanded a more devoted army.


     JOSEPH HOOKER,
     Major-General.

WASHINGTON, D. C., May 3, 1863-4.35 p.m.
Major-General BUTTERFIELD:
    Where is General Hooker? Where is Sedgwick? Where is Stoneman?


      A. LINCOLN.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863.-4.40 p.m.
His Excellency ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
President, &c.:
    General Hooker is at Chancellorsville. General Sedgwick, with 15,000 to 20,000 men, at a point 3 or 4 miles out from Fredericksburg, on the road to Chancellorsville. Lee is between. Stoneman has not been heard from. This is the situation at this hour from latest reports, 4.30 p.m.
    Respectfully,


    DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
    Major-General, Chief of Staff.

MAY 3, 1863-3.25 p.m.
General HOOKER:
Following from aide sent to Sedgwick:
     Brooks' division has just moved ahead again, and other two divisions will follow shortly. Sedgwick says loss heavier than he expected, having lost several colonels and many field offices. Warren thinks 1 1/2 miles beyond this the enemy have halted and will make a stand. The men show much fatigue, but Sedgwick intends to push vigorously. No report of where he was exactly.


BUTTERFIELD.
 
MAY 3, 1863-4 p.m.
General HUNT, Banks' Ford, Va.:
     Newton's division had advanced as far as Guest's house, on Plank road, at 1 p.m.


    BUTTERFIELD.


MAY 3, 1863-4.05 p.m.
General HOOKER:
Following from signal:
     Battery of enemy just opened on our troops near Gust's house, on the Orange road. Our batteries in position and replying. Gibbon's troops are moving out on the Plank road.
I think officer means Newton's troops. He took two batteries on Fredericksburg Heights. Your dispatch received and sent to President.


    BUTTERFIELD.

MAY 3, 1863-5 p.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
     At 3.30 p.m., as near as I can get at it, Sedgwick's advance was about 3 1/2 miles distant from Fredericksburg,near Guest's house -see photographic map.


     BUTTERFIELD.


MAY 3, 1863-5.30 p.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
    The signal telescope discovers about several thousand troops due west from this point, about 8 miles. Counts seven colors - rebel battle-flags. This would locate them at 5 p.m. near Tabernacle Church by the photograph map. Is not this a column marching to meet Sedgwick and away from your front? Will get further information it I can.


     BUTTERFIELD.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-6.40 p.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
     Following from a staff officer sent to Sedgwick:
Line slowly advancing. Communication opened with Banks' Ford. Enemy's infantry just opened upon them. Still driving them.


     BUTTERFIELD.


HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-6.50 p.m.
General HOOKER:
    Sedgwick's column reported at 4.15 p.m. advanced three-quarters of a mile beyond Guest's house. Sedgwick tells my staff officer he is getting along very well. He is moving in two columns on either side of the Plank road, a line of a half mile deployed. Warren thinks the enemy will make a stand half a mile beyond their then position.


    BUTTERFIELD.

HEADQUARTERS BATTLE-FIELD, May 3, 1863-7 p.m.
Major-General EARLY,
Commanding Division:
   GENERAL: I have received your note of this date. I very much regret the possession of Fredericksburg by the enemy. I heard to-day of their taking the hills in rear of the city, and sent down General McLaws with two brigades of Anderson's division and three of his own to unite with the forces under you and endeavor to drive them back. I heard this afternoon that he had halted at Tabernacle Church, on hearing that the enemy was advancing up the Plank road. I hear firing in that direction at this time, and presume that an engagement is going on. If they are attacking him there, and you could come upon their left flank, and communicate with General McLaws, I think you would demolish them. See if you cannot unite with him and, together, destroy him. With his five brigades, and you with your division and the remnant of Barksdale's brigade, I think you ought to be more than a match for the enemy.
     Respectfully, &c.,


     R. E. LEE,
     General.

P. S.-I understand General Wilcox is with him also.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA, May 3, 1863-7 p.m.
Major-General McLAWS,
Commanding, &c.:
    GENERAL: I presume, from the firing which I hear in your direction, that you are engaged with the enemy.
   Upon the receipt of your note, I sent Colonel Alexander, with his battalion of artillery, to report to you. I hope he reached you in time. I have just written to Early, who informs me that he is on the Telegraph road, near Mrs. Smith's house, to unite with you to attack the enemy on their left flank. Communicate with him, and arrange the junction, if necessary and practicable. It is necessary that you best the enemy, and I hope you will do it.
     Respectfully, your obedient servant,


      R. E. LEE,
     General.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-7.15 p.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
    General Sedgwick was attacking the enemy on a ridge at Salem Church, 6 1/2 miles from Chancellorsville, the enemy making a stand at that point. Infantry fire heavier than hitherto, and our men fall back a little in center. Heavy infantry fire reported. Time, 6.05 to 6.15 o'clock.


     BUTTERFIELD.


HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-7.40 p.m.
General HOOKER,
Chancellorsville:
    Sedgwick has just ordered forward all his ammunition trains.


    BUTTERFIELD.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-8 p.m.
His Excellency ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
President of the United States:
    I have had no time to advise you. We have to-day here over 800 prisoners; six guns handsomely taken at the point of the bayonet. I can give no general idea of how affairs stand. Last reports all quiet in front of Chancellorsville, and Sedgwick fighting at 6.15 p.m. Will try after awhile to advise you if an interval occurs.


      DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
      Major-General, Chief of Staff.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, May 3, 1863-8.30 p.m.
General HOOKER:
     Just received report from aide with Sedgwick, dated 6.30 p.m. Brook's division was driven back, and are now apparently driving them. The enemy's infantry fire is much less. Our men are again advancing, and the line has been much more extended.
     6.45 p.m.-Our batteries have ceased, and the line is now advancing in splendid style. I have said to General Sedgwick that General Hooker expresses great anxiety to have his corps pushed forward as rapidly as possible, and he (General Sedgwick) says this is being done. Our men are cheering in the front. Artillery has opened on the extreme left. Do you get reports via Banks' Ford? If so, can I communicate with you that way?


     DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
     Chief of Staff.

MAY 3, 1863-8.30 p.m.
General HOOKER:
    The latest I have from Sedgwick is from him at 6.30 o'clock. Dispatch just sent General H. Have an order from him to send his ammunition trains. In writing my last dispatch, General Williams made me ask if I, instead of General Sedgwick, could communicate with you that way. I was advised that, at 5.30 o'clock, skirmishers of Sixty-ninth had opened communication with Colonel Doull, at Banks' Ford.


     DANL. BUTTERFIELD.
 
MAY 3, 1863-9.30 p.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
L     ieutenant Woolsey, aide-de-camp, just returned from Sedgwick. Left him at 7.25 o'clock. Sedgwick had been skirmishing - fighting all the way up. Heavy infantry fire about 7 o'clock. All quiet when he left. Bartlett told him he had lost heavily. Position about one and a quarter miles beyond Guest's house. Line across road. Colonel Doull was to leave for Banks' Ford and report exact position of affairs to you. Had not left when he started. Heard artillery firing on their left about 6 p.m. Warren said it might be Buford. I think it was a portion of force that had fallen back from Fredericksburg before Sedgwick and down toward Hamilton's Crossing.


     BUTTERFIELD,
     Major-General.


MAY 3, 1863-10.30 p.m.
Major-General HOOKER:
    Signal officer reports everything quiet on the heights to the rear of Fredericksburg. We see no camp-fires, indicating presence of the enemy, only on ridge near rebel railroad station, and these very few. Time, 9.30 p.m.


      DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
     Major-General, Chief of Staff.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 25, Part 2, Pages  378, 379, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390,392-395, 768-769

The fog of war is everywhere evident in these extensive dispatches.  Although Jackson has smashed a wing of the Federal Army the previous evening, there seems little sense in Union dispatches that anything grave has occurred.  By mid-morning Stuart has accomplished all that he was twice ordered by Lee to do in uniting the wings of the Army.  At this point Lee swings a portion of his forces back onto Fredericksburg to defeat the Union force at Salem Church.  Throughout the day Hooker, who had been stunned by a shell which hit near him while he was on the porch at Chancellor's, was fixed upon reuninting with Sedgwick.  By day's end Hooker must have known the xtent of his defeat, but it is hard to judge from his dispatches.

May 2, 1863 (Saturday): The Night Is Full of Rumors

Lee and Jackson's last meeting (NPS.gov)

BALTIMORE, MD., May 2, 1863-3.30 a.m.
Hon. E. M. STANTON,
Secretary of War:
    In view of my dispositions in the Valley and on the railroad, it is desirable I should know whether you can tell me of General Hooker. The night is full of rumors.

     ROBT. C. SCHENCK,
     Major-General, Commanding.

WAR DEPARTMENT, May 2, 1863.
Major-General SCHENCK:
    You may rest assured that General Hooker's operations are progressing successfully and in all respects as desired, unless you are otherwise advised by this Department. Any mishap you will be promptly notified of; but obvious reasons details of his movements and position cannot be given while in successful progress.


      EDWIN M. STANTON,
      Secretary of War.


EXECUTIVE MANSION, May 2, 1863.
Governor CURTIN,
Harrisburg, Pa.:
    General Halleck tells me he has a dispatch from General Schenck this morning informing him that our forces have joined, and that the enemy menacing Pennsylvania will have to fight or run to-day. I hope I am not less anxious to do my duty to Pennsylvania than yourself, but I really do not yet see the justification for incurring the trouble and expense of calling out the militia. I shall keep watch, and try to do my duty.


     A. LINCOLN.
    
     P. S.-Our forces are exactly between the enemy and Pennsylvania.


EN ROUTE TO UNITED STATES FORD, May 2, 1863-7.20 a.m.
Captain CANDLER,
Aide-de-Camp, &c.:
     Your dispatch of yesterday, stating that the major-general commanding did not understand what I was doing at Rapidan Station, was received at 7.05 a.m. to-day, and I have the honor to state in reply that I have been engaged with the cavalry of the enemy at that point and in destroying communications, and to inclose a copy of an order received from headquarters Cavalry Corps.
     Respectfully, your obedient servant,


    WM. M. AVERELL,
    Brigadier-General.


SUFFOLK, VA., May 2, 1863.
General S. COOPER:
     I cannot move unless the entire force is moved, and it would then take several days to reach Fredericksburg. I will endeavor to move as soon as possible.


     JAMES LONGSTREET,
     Lieutenant-General, Commanding.


     (Copy telegraphed to General Lee same date.)

CHANCELLORSVILLE, VA., May 2, 1863-9.30 a.m.
Major-Generals HOWARD and SLOCUM:
     I am directed by the major-general commanding to say that the disposition you have made of your corps has been with a view to a front attack by the enemy. If he should throw himself upon your flank, he wishes you to examine the ground and determine upon the positions you will take in that event, in order that you may be prepared for him in whatever direction he advances. He suggests that you have heavy reserves well in hand to meet this contingency. The right of your line does not appear to be strong enough. No artificial defenses worth naming have been thrown up, and three appears to be a scarcity of troops at that point, and not, in the general's opinion, as favorably posted as might be. We have good reason to suppose that the enemy is moving to our right. Please advance your pickets for purpose of observation as far as may be safe, in order to obtain timely information of their approach.


     J. H. VAN ALEN,
     Brigadier-General and Aide-de-Camp.


CHANCELLORSVILLE, VA., May 2, 1863-10.30 a.m.
Brigadier-General GRIFFIN,
Commanding First Division:
     GENERAL: Major-General Couch's picket officer reports that the enemy is massing his troops in front of Hancock and toward the left. You are directed by the major-general commanding to be vigilant, and throw out pickets to keep a sharp lookout for any approach on the part of the enemy, and, whenever practicable for them to advance in any force, to throw out detachments, instructed to be careful not to allow themselves to be cut off, but at the same time to endeavor to ascertain if the enemy is in their front, and give timely warning of their approach.
      Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


    FRED. T. LOCKE,
    Assistant Adjutant-General.




BANK'S FORD, May 2, 1863-3 p.m.
General SEDGWICK:
     Everything is quiet in any direction from Banks' Ford. Their earthworks are still manned. They have twenty-three guns, I think, in their earthworks south of the ford.


     E. S. ALLEN,
    Aeronaut.


CHANCELLORSVILLE, May 2, 1863-4.10 p.m.
General BUTTERFIELD:
    The major-general commanding directs that General Sedgwick cross the river as soon as indications will permit; capture Fredericksburg with everything in it, and vigorously pursue the enemy. We know that the enemy is fleeing, trying to save his trains. Two of Sickles' divisions are among them.


      J. H. VAN ALEN,


     Brigadier-General, and Aide-de-Camp.
    
    (Copy from Butterfield, at Falmouth, to Sedgwick, 5.50 p.m.)



DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
Major-General, Chief of Staff.
MAY 2, 1863-5.30 p.m.
Major-General BUTTERFIELD:
     Nearly all the enemy's force have been withdrawn from the opposite side. I can only see a small force in the neighborhood of their earthworks.
     I cannot at this time get a sufficient elevation to tell what road they take, but should judge, by the appearance of army wagons moving toward Chancellorsville road, that the troops are moving that way also.


     T. S. C. LOWE,
     Aeronaut.


F SIGNAL STATION, May 2, 1863-5.30 p.m.
General GIBBON:
     Twelve regiments infantry, sixty-eight wagons and ambulances, and one squadron cavalry have just passed along the crest of wooded ridge in front of General Sedgwick, moving toward Richmond Telegraph road.


     P. A. TAYLOR,
     First Lieutenant and Signal Officer.


F SIGNAL STATION, May 2, 1863-6 p.m.
General GIBBON:
     There are fifteen guns in position in rear of Fredericksburg. One or two regiments occupy the rifle-pits on Marye's Heights. Sedgwick is advancing and driving the enemy.
     A new battery is just being put in position in rear of the Howison house.


     JAS. S. HALL,
     Captain and Signal Officer.

CAMP NEAR FALMOUTH, VA., May 2, 1863-8.25 p.m.
Brigadier-General GIBBON:
    Everything working well. Sickles is in the enemy's trains. Sedgwick is pursuing here. Be ready to spring with your will supplies whenever you receive the order. Expect it at any moment.


     DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
     Major-General, Chief of Staff.

F SIGNAL STATION, May 2, 1863-8.30 p.m.
The enemy is now building fire along the ridge in rear of the Howison house. We see distinctly men carrying fire-brands about, lighting them promiscuously.


      P. A. TAYLOR,
      First Lieutenant and Signal Officer.



CAMP NEAR FALMOUTH, VA., May 2, 1863.
Brigadier-General GIBBON:
     Your command must cross the river to Fredericksburg to-night. Pontoon bridge now at the Lacy house. Get under way soon. GeneralSedgwick is ordered to move through Fredericksburg toward Chancellorsville. Look out you do not come in contact with him. You must see to the laying of the bridges.


      DANL. BUTTERFIELD,
      Major-General, Chief of Staff.


Official Records, Series I., Vol. 25, Part 2, Pages 351, 352, 356, 358, 360, 363, 367, 368, 373, 465.

Hooker had ordered Reynolds up from Fredericksburg, intending he arrive early in the day, but communications problems delayed his arrival.  Early was left by Lee to keep the cork in the bottle, preventing reinforcements to come up to Hooker from the town.  Meanwhile, Lee had divided his army again and was sending Jackson on a twelve mile march to turn the Union right flank which was, "up in the air".  Had Hooker come out of the Wilderness into more open terrain he might have avoided the disaster which lay ahead.  But he also had the not unsound idea that even should Lee come to him, his strong defensive position would force Lee to dash his men onto the Union position like waves up rocks.  What he did not adequately prepare for was the flank march.  At around 5:30 Jackson's troops emerged from the woods and over ran Howard's divisions of Devens and Schurz.  At the moment of his greatest triumph Jackson, ahead of his own lines with his staff seeking to exploit the damage he had inflicted, was shot by a volley from his own men, a wound which would prove mortal.

Two notes seem in order.  The 0330 message from Stanton to the Governor of Pennsylvania and the subsequent note from Lincoln to him referenced the Confederate Jones-Imboden raid into Western Virginia, which was now underway.  And Lowe's messages are interesting in that for all he saw he was not able to see Jackson's troops make their way around Howard's flank. The position of the balloon was not far enough west and, in any event, high winds made observations difficult.