Monday, September 30, 2013

September 30, 1863 (Friday): Davis Questions A Cipher

General Braxton Bragg



RICHMOND, VA., September 30, 1863.
General BRAXTON BRAGG,
Headquarters, near Chattanooga, Tenn.:
    Your dispatch of yesterday received.* Am surprised at the statement of infantry force. Hope there is an error in the cipher. You have been advised of the re-enforcements en route to the enemy, and will appreciate the necessity for prompt action either against main body or detachments coming up.


JEFFERSON DAVIS.

*Dispatch not found, but see letter of Bragg to Cooper, VOL. XXX, Part II, p. 25. 

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 52, Part 2, Page 534.

Davis was surprised at Bragg's report of the strength of his command.  In addition to the heavy losses during savage fighting at Chickamauga, there were the inevitable stragglers who separated themselves from their commands for a time to tend to wounded comrades or, in some instances, simply to absent themselves from service.  Bragg believed Rosecrans' force to be so heavily entrenched as to make headlong assaults unwise.  What he failed to appreciate, but Davis appears to have, was the fact that Union reenforcements could grow his opponent's strength to such a degree as to make the hunter the hunted.  Prompt action, indeed, was necessary but Bragg was not given to it.

 

September 29, 1863 (Thursday): The Railroads Race to Save Rosecrans

Civil War Railroad (Library of Congress)


CHATTANOOGA, September 29, 1863.
Colonel INNES:
    Strain every nerve to send through Hooker's corps. The troops must come through to Bridgeport. Let me know how soon [we may expect] those two companies of engineers. We need them much. Notify Colonel Scott, at Louisville, of your preparations, and General Morgan of your trains to Stevenson and Bridgeport in full time for him to make all needful arrangements for promptly unloading.


     W. S. ROSECRANS,
     Major-General.

NASHVILLE, September 29, 1863.
General ROSECRANS:
     Four trains of troops will arrive here at about 5 this evening; they will be forwarded without change of cars. Innes wishes to know to what point to send them. I presume you intend they shall go to Bridgeport. If you have any orders to give send them to me care of Captain Dickson. I do not know who commands the advance.
     Innes has no orders from you where to send them. There will be more here to-morrow and day after.
     Respectfully,


    C. GODDAR.

NASHVILLE, September 29, 1863-10.45 p.m.
General ROSECRANS:
     Three thousand of Howard's (Eleventh) corps have passed through here to-night; will reach Bridgeport to-morrow morning about 10. Howard's chief of staff is here. Simmons has made arrangements to feed them. Seven thousand more will be down to-morrow and remainder next day. Hooker will be here to-morrow night, and will want detailed orders for disposition of the troops. In Hooker's order to Howard he tells him to let the men understand they are going to Mobile.


    C. GODDARD.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 3, Page 928.

Bragg had an opportunity to turn the usual narrative in the west.  Where large bodies of Confederates had been surrendered at Fort Donelson and Vicksburg, at Chattanooga there was a chance to turn the tables.  With his officers deeply dissatisfied with him, and terrain (in his belief) not suited to an attack he chose to lay siege to Chattanooga with the hopes of bagging Rosecrans.  But the rail would ultimately save Rosecrans, as Halleck and the high command in Washington quickly sent relief west.  Had Bragg been more aggressive, and been aware of Rosecrans demoralization, he would have (and perhaps should have) made an attempt to strike before help could arrive.

 

September 28, 1863 (Wednesday): Trouble In Trans-Mississippi

General Edmund Kirby Smith

HEADQUARTERS TRANS-MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT,
Arkadelphia, Ark., September 28, 1863.
His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS,
President:
    SIR: Colonel R. W. Johnson goes to Richmond to lay before Your Excellency the condition of this department.* My previous communications must have convinced you they were eminently critical. Events, as they crowd upon us, are fast realizing my worst anticipations. The despondency of our people, their listlessness, their anticipations. The despondency of our people, their listlessness, their deafness to the call of both the civil and military authorities, the desertions from our ranks, checked neither by vigor nor clemency, all indicate despair and abandonment. Unless a great change takes place, unless succor comes to us from abroad, or unless the providence of God is strikingly exhibited in our favor, this department will soon have but a nominal existence. Without men, without arms, with a people so demoralized by speculation that submission is preferred to resistance the immense efforts being made by the enemy must be crowned with success.
    The force at Little rock, under General Steele, numbers, from all estimates, at least 25,000. They have been re-enforced, and are only awaiting supplies before advancing. Desertions and sickness have reduced General Hulmes' command to less than 7,000. General Taylor has under 10,000 effective men in his district. He reports General Grant in person superintending operations at Berwick's Bay. Two entire corps of his army, supposed too be Ord's and McPherson's, with Banks' army, were encamped on the west shore. Texas was openly declared their destination. The large amount of transportation accumulated by them indicates a campaign by land from Berwick's Bay. Sherman's pickets extend to Bayou Macon. He has been preparing for active operations, and, it is reported, will march, by Monroe, on Shreveport or Camden. When these columns move, the enemy will bring fully 80,000 men to operate within the department. I shall concentrate as soon as their plans are developed; but, under the most favorable circumstances, cannot expect to bring over 15,000 effectives together. A decisive blow struck by us may turn the tide of events; but assistance from without or successes within the department can alone prevent the occupation of Arkansas, Louisiana, and the Texas coast this winter. Cut off as we are, I know not what aid you can give us. Arms and money are our most pressing wants, to pay the troops and meet the current expenses. Thelatter is immediately wanted. An officer of the Treasury should be sent with full powers. Bonds in large amounts and of small denominations should be sent. The redundant currency could be called in by loans on the people. This could be accomplished successfully with bonds, or interest-bearing certificate, made payable by Congress for Government dues. I do not hear from the Treasury Department, and know not if steps have been taken for supplying our wants. But for a letter from the honorable Secretary of War, stating that Mr. Memminger had or would provide for our necessities, I should ere this have taken the matter into my own hands. If I do not hear from Richmond, I will be compelled to establish here both a sub-bureau of the Treasury and Post-Office Department, and will have to raise a loan from the people on certificates, pledging the faith of the Government to redeem them in interest-paying bonds.
     I would respectfully urge these matters upon the attention of Your Excellency.
     With respect and esteem, I am, your most obedient servant,


     E. KIRBY SMITH,
     Lieutenant-General.

*See Smith to Johnson, October 2, p. 1029.
Official Records Vol. I., Series 22, Part 2, Page 1026.

War as a practical endeavor is not without costs.  Kirby Smith was finding himself in the Trans-Mississippi a virtual king, but a king without treasure.  His letter to Davis is a good testimony to the problems facing the Confederacy as the war moved late into its third year.  Being physically cut off from Richmond he was as much emperor as general, given great latitude to manage the vast geographic area at his command.  It become known as "the Kirby Smithdom".

September 27, 1863 (Tuesday): Meade Considers Lee's Position

Confederate Quarters on Rapidan (Illustrated London News)

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC,
September 27, 1863-7 p. m. (Received 8 p. m.)
Major General H. W. HALLECK,
General-in-Chief:
     Two deserters came in yesterday, one last evening. When they left A. P. Hill's corps was in position behind the Rapidan. One of the deserters belonged to Mahone's brigade, Anderson's division, Hill's corps. I will apprise you of the earliest intelligence of any further detachment by Lee, and will make every effort to ascertain it at the earliest moment.


     GEO. G. MEADE,
     Major-General.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 29, Part 2, Page 224.

The concern at this point was not just with Lee's Army, but with the possibility it was sending more troops west to combine for another blow at the western portion of the Union Army.  It is probable the detachment of Longstreet actually had the effect of making Meade believe Lee's Army was bigger than it was, else how could so many men be sent safely west.  It is interesting to consider after what is often thought of as a turning point victory by the Union Army at Gettysburg that nearly three months later the Army of Potomac was not in condition to undertake a forward movement against an obviously diminished Army of Northern Virginia. 

September 26, 1863 (Monday): Hooker Goes West

General Joseph Hooker

NEWTOWN, September 26, 1863.
(Via Staunton, 27th.)
General S. COOPER:
      Generals Slocum's and Howard's corps are going to re-enforce Rosecrans, and will be under Joe Hooker. They move 5,000 every night over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and commenced last night, 25th. I have sent courier to General Ewell with full particulars, and will try to damage the railroad to-night.


      H. W. GILMOR,
      Major, Commanding Cavalry.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 51, Part 2, Page 770.

Gilmor eas correct in stating Slocum and Howard's corps were on their way to reenforce Roscrans and that Hooker would be their commander.  Although Hooker did not distinguish himself in the Chancellorsville campaign, he was an experienced officer who had handled large formations in the field.  At this point in the war, battle losses and an expanding army made for a surfeit of such officers, however marred their reputation. 

September 25, 1863 (Sunday): Besieged

General John M. Palmer

HEADQUARTERS TWENTY-FIRST ARMY CORPS, Chattanooga, September 25, 1863.
Major-General PALMER,
Comdg. Second Division:
    GENERAL: The general commanding was pained when he learned this morning from the general commanding the army that soon after the picket firing commenced last evening there were many men seen to break to the rear, some reaching the city and secreting themselves. Such men, although receiving the pay and emoluments of United States soldiers, are not soldiers. This skulking and retreating at the sound of the enemy's guns will hereafter be severely punished.
     Division commanders will issue such orders and enforce such regulations as will at least arrest the individual guilty of such misdemeanor, and hold brigade commanders responsible for the detection and prevention of this great evil.
     By command of Major-General Crittenden:


     P. P. OLDERSHAW,
     Captain and Assistant-General.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 3, Page 854.

It is a good indication of the shattered nature of Rosecran's Army that Palmer's men would be seen to break under fire.  They had endured much of the worst fighting at Chickamauga and were probably suffering still from the strain of that battle, not to mention being under siege by the force which had shattered the Army and driven it from the field.  Palmer would become military governor of Kentucky, and later the elected governor of Illinois (and considered a possible presidential candidate).

 

September 24, 1863 (Saturday): The Roads At Chattanooga

Chattanooga and Environs (Battles & Leaders)



BOB WHITE'S HOUSE, September 24, 1863-7 p.m.
Brigadier-General GARFIELD, Chief of Staff:
     GENERAL: I am here at the forks of the Haley trace and Cut-off roads. The road to the foot of the mountain from here is very rough and steep. The road from the foot of the mountain to Chattanooga is pretty good, but I can wiggle a road through that will be 50 per cent, better, and have so far fixed all my points.
     The crossings of Big and Little Suck Creeks will in any case have to be bridged, but not until I locate the points at which to cross.
     The cut-off is described as a mere path, but can be made a better road than the Haley trace. I shall explore both and the river road to-morrow. I shall keep in view all your instructions and decide on the best. The road I came over to foot of this mountain is exposed to fire for 5 miles from other side of river. If the enemy occupy the other side of the river, the road would be difficult in a military point of view, but I think we can occupy the Raccoon strongly with a small force to furnish patrols for safety.
     I am of opinion that there is another trace besides the Haley and cut-off. I shall not give this thing up until I get the best. I learn that the river road round this mountain is 10 miles longer than any other.
My proposed improvements of the road to this point are practical. I do not contemplate any great or expensive undertaking, but what can be done with comparatively small labor and expense. I expect Mr. Kelley, the surveyer, here by daylight, at which time I shall start, leaving word with the courier stations-whenever I find them-my probable location. Do send me the news.
     Very respectfully.


     DUCAT,
     Inspector-General.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 3, Page 813.

This letter gives some idea of the logistical challenges facing the two armies.  Rosecrans was stunned (Lincoln said like a "duck hit in the head") and besieged physically and psychologically.  The roads around Chattanooga were often, as described here, merely traces.  Meanwhile, Bragg had fired Polk and Hindman for their inaction at Chickamauga, and his officers were circulating round robbins aimed at having him removed from command.  All roads, on both sides, lead to confusion and inaction.  Arthur Ducat, the Inspector General, was a leading insurance executive after the war and was a noted expert on fire prevention.


September 23, 1863 (Friday): "No Braver Soldier In the Confederacy"

General James Deshler

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,
Camp at Orange Court-House, September 23, 1863.
His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS,
President Confederate States, Richmond, Va.:
    Mr. PRESIDENT: I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 21st instant. I was rejoiced yesterday to learn by a dispatch from the War Department of the complete victory gained by General Bragg. I hope he will be able to follow it up, to concentrate his troops and operate on the enemy's rear. I infer, from the accounts I have seen, that Buckner has not joined him. Unless he is occupying a superior force to his own, he ought at once to united with Bragg, that he may push the advantage gained. If that can be done, Longstreet can successfully move to East Tennessee, open that country, where Sam. Jones can unite with him, and thence rejoin me. No time ought now to be lost or wasted. Everything should be done that can be done at once, so that the troops may be speedily returned to this department. As far as I can judge, they will not get here too soon. The enemy is aware of Longstreet's departure. They report in their papers the day he passed through Augusta, and give the position of Ewell's and Hill's corps. General Meade is strengthening himself daily. Our last scouts report the return of the troops sent north to enforce the draft. Nine trains arrived on Monday, and three on Tuesday last, in addition to between 4,000 and 5,000 by marching.
     It was apparently expected by the enemy that we would abandon the line of the Rapidan on his approach. His advance seems to be delayed by doubts as to our strength from the maintenance of our position. His reconnoitering parties and cavalry are brisk in observation. During Monday and Tuesday he quietly massed his cavalry on his right, and moved through Madison to turn our left. Gregg came down the road to Orange Court-House by Burnett's Ford, Kilpatrick the road by Liberty Mills, and Buford the road by Barboursville leading to Gordonsville. General Stuart, with one division of cavalry guarding our left flank, opposed so obstinately the progress of these three divisions of the enemy that he brought them to a halt last night at the Rapidan. By that time, General Fitz. Lee had hastened from the right and joined him. During the night the enemy commenced to retire. General Stuart is now pursuing him on his route back to Culpeper. I presume his next attempt will be on our right, unless he determines to move his whole army around our army to Gordonsville. General Stuart showed his usual energy, promptness, and boldness in his operations yesterday; keeping with the front line of his troops, his horse was shot under him. Citizens report the enemy's loss heavy. I hope ours is not large. I have only heard the death of Colonel Rogers, of North Carolina, Scales' brigade, who was killed by a shell at Barnett's Ford, and of Lieutenant-Colonel Delony, of the cavalry, wounded.
      I am, with great respect, your obedient servant,


     R. E. LEE,
     General.

P. S.-From the details brought by the train to-day of the battle of Chickamauga, I see that Buckner had united with Bragg. I am grieved to learn the death of General Hood. I fear also, from the accounts, that General Wofford is dead; he was one of Georgia's best soldiers. I am gradually losing my best men-Jackson, Pender, Hood. There was no braver soldier in the Confederacy than Deshler. I see he is numbered among the dead.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 29, Part 2, Pages 742-743.

Lee was anxious to see Buckner's troops join Bragg to replace Longstreet's so they might be returned east, but it was not to happen as soon as he would have liked.  Hood had been badly wounded, a leg amputated, but he was not dead.  Neither was Wofford.  The praise of Deshler is no doubt a surprise to readers who had never heard of him.  But he had fought under Lee during the Cheat Mountain Campaign, being badly wounded at Camp Alleghany.  He went west after recovering and served under Theopolis Holmes before being captured at Fort Hindman.  Deshler was exchanged, only to be killed at Chickamauga by an artillery shell which exploded just in front of him.

 

September 22, 1863 (Thursday): 30,000 Brave and Determined Men

Red House Ford (CivilWarAlbum.com  Paul Stanfield)


HEADQUARTERS FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS,
September 22, 1863. (Received 1.30 a.m.)
Brigadier-General GARFIELD:
Chief of Staff, Department Headquarters:
     An intelligent contraband, belonging to Major Young, quartermaster of Cheatham's division, states that the enemy's advance is about 3 miles from here. Says he heard them say they numbered 100,000 men, made up of Bragg's and Johnston's army, Longstreet's corps, Buckner's corps, and about 10,000 State troops (not good). Bragg is in command. Generals Hood, Gregg, Smith, and Adams (all general officers) reported killed. Says the Virginia rebels say they never saw such fighting; to yell only makes the Yankees pitch in. Carne's battery, Wright's brigade, he says, was captured. Says the rebels say they are bound to go to Kentucky and Tennessee for the purpose of getting bacon, &c., They say they captured forty guns and 519 prisoners. They think some of Rosecrans' army had gone to Charleston.


    GEO. E. FLYNT,
    Assistant Adjutant-General .

    This boy tells a simple, straightforward story, and is believed reliable.

HEADQUARTERS RIGHT WING, ARMY OF TENNESSEE,
Near Mission Mills, September 22, 1863-6 a. m.
Lieutenant Colonel GEORGE WILLIAM BRENT:
    COLONEL: Under the construction of your order to move a division to the front this morning upon the Chickamauga and Chattanooga road, I have ordered General Cheatham, who commands my extreme right, to put himself in motion upon that road. It crosses the Chickamauga Creek at the Shallow Ford. He had instructions to press forward until he finds the enemy, with his sharpshooters well advanced to the frond. General Anderson's division is upon the Mission Mills and Chattanooga road, and Walker is to his left, covering another parallel road with a good gap, and Hill, should it be necessary, could cross at a gap between the gap on Walker's road and Rossville.
     Respectfully, colonel, your obedient servant,


     L. POLK,
     Lieutenant-General, Commanding.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF TENNESSEE,
Red House Ford, September 22, 1863.
Lieutenant-General POLK,
Commanding Right Wing:
      GENERAL: The general commanding desires that you will make as early as practicable a report explanatory of your failure to attack the enemy at daylight on Sunday last in obedience to orders.
      I am, general, very respectfully, your obedient servant,


     GEORGE WM. BRENT,
     Assistant Adjutant-General.


CHATTANOOGA, TENN., September 22, 1863-9.30 a.m. (Received 2.30 p.m.)
Major General H. W. HALLECK,
General-in-Chief:
     We have fought a most sanguinary battle against vastly superior numbers. Longstreet is here, and probably Ewell, and a force is coming from Charleston. We have suffered terribly, but have inflicted equal injury upon the enemy. The mass of this army is intact and in good spirits. Disaster not as great as I anticipated. We held our position in the main up to Sunday night. Retired on Rossville, which we held yesterday; then retired on Chattanooga. Our position is a strong one. Think we can hold out right. Our transportation is mostly across the river. Have one bridge. Another will be done to-day. Our cavalry will be concentrated on the west side of the river, to guard it on our left. Telegraph communication will probably be cut off for several days, as we will be compelled to abandon south side of the Tennessee River below this point.


     W. S. ROSECRANS,
      Major-General.

SEPTEMBER 22, 1863-9 a.m.
Lieutenant-General POLK,
Commanding Right Wing:
     GENERAL: The troops were much delayed by the balking of the trains last night. After midnight I halted the head of the column near Red House Bridge. Cleburne is now taking up his position on the creek. Breckinridge is resting near Red House Ridge. I am in person on the road from the bridge to the station. There are thousands of stragglers on the roadside.
     Respectfully,


     D. H. HILL,
     Lieutenant- General.



SEPTEMBER 22, 1863-10.30 a.m.
Captain MERRILL:
     From hill west of town a column of dust is visible to the northeast about 8 miles distant, approaching quite rapidly, and very heavy north of river. Valley north of Lookout Point is full of dust near by the summit of it. Good view in arc of circle from that point to north and round to east, not toward south. What may be a column of smoke appears on side of Lookout about region of road, suggesting possibility of burning train.


     [J. R.] PUTNAM.

BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS, September 22, 1863-2 p.m.
Major General B. F. CHEATHAM:
    GENERAL: I drove the enemy easily and with but light loss from top of Missionary Ridge, and occupy the summit of the ridge where the Chickamauga Station road crosses the ridge. I can't find the name of the crossing. Chattanooga and river plainly in sight. Fort on Georgia Station manned and occupied by enemy. Beef-cattle being driven across the river at ford above island; wagons crossing pontoon, going from Chattanooga. No troops are crossing from Chattanooga. Heavy dust on bank of river on opposite side going up stream; also on road around Point Lookout and directly away from Chattanooga, all indicating departure from Chattanooga.
      Can see no line of battle of enemy, but trace light force of cavalry moving toward me. Can easily hold ridge against any force indicated. Shall I advance?
      Very respectfully,


      GEO. MANEY,
      Brigadier-General.

      [Indorsement.]

TOP OF MOUNTAIN.
The within respectfully forwarded.
I learn from prisoners captured that no troops have crossed the river. I can only see troops in the forts.


     B. F. CHEATHAM,
     Major-General, C. S. Army.

CHATTANOOGA, TENN., September 22, 1863-5.40 p.m.(Received 9.50 p.m.)
His Excellency ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
President of the United States:
    Have dispatched daily (Mr. Dana oftener) to the War Department. I trust you will receive those dispatches. We are now in Chattanooga in line of battle, the enemy threatening our whole front; have pushed to our picket line. Whether they will attack to-day uncertain. General Burnside will be too late to help us. We are about 30,000 brave and determined men; but our fate is in the hands of God, in whom I hope.


     W. S. ROSECRANS,
     Major-General.


HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF TENNESSEE,
Red House, September 22, 1863-6.30 p.m.
Major-General WHEELER,
Commanding Cavalry Corps:
     GENERAL: You had better press the enemy hotly and vigorously as long as he remains this side of the river.
     I am, general, very respectfully, your obedient servant,


     GEORGE WM. BRENT,
     Assistant Adjutant-General.

QUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND,
Chattanooga, September 22, 1863-11 p.m.
Major-General CRITTENDEN,
Comdg. Twenty-first Army Corps:
     GENERAL: The general commanding directs that all troops occupying rifle-pits be instructed to reserve their fire until the enemy are within close range, and then to deliver their fire by volley and by ranks. Caution your troops not to waste ammunition. This caution is especially necessary to the artillery. From the reports of signal officers, it is possible that the large camp fires on the left and the total absence of them in the center and right is intended as a ruse to cover an attack upon the center or right to-morrow. The general directs that the pickets be directed to listen carefully for any sounds which would indicate the movement of troops, and to notify the commanding officers of troops toward which such sounds are moving, and sending reports to these headquarters also.
     Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


      C. GODDARD,
     Assistant Adjutant-General.

    (Same to Generals Thomas and Sheridan.)

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 1, Pages 54, 161, 163, 168, 691, 693, 694, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 3, Page 778.

Bragg is slowly pressing forward to Chattanooga, where Rosecrans has retired.  The dangerous nature of his position seems to sink in for Rosecrans between his morning dispatch to Halleck and his late afternoon communication with the President.  Interestingly, Bragg takes this moment to engage in a quarrel with Polk over the latter's failure to launch an attack on the 20th.  This is not the time for such discussions, nor is Bragg the right man to lead an Army in pursuit of a vanquished enemy.  


Sunday, September 29, 2013

September 21, 1863 (Wednesday): Lincoln Takes A Battle In Stride


President Abraham Lincoln



CHATTANOOGA, TENN., September 21, 1863-9 a.m.
(Received War Department 12.45 p.m.)
His Excellency ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
President of the United States:
     After two days of the severest fighting I ever witnessed our right and center were beaten. The left held its position until sunset.
    Our loss is heavy and our troops worn down. The enemy received heavy re-enforcements Saturday night. Every man of ours was in action Sunday and all but one brigade on Saturday. Our wounded large compared with the killed. We took prisoners from two divisions of Longstreet. We have no certainty of holding our position here. If Burnside could come immediately it would be well; other-wise he may not be able to join us unless he comes on west side of river.


     W. S. ROSECRANS,
     Major-General, Commanding.

WAR DEPARTMENT, September 21, 1863-11 a.m.
General BURNSIDE,
Greenville, Tenn.:
     If you are to do any good to Rosecrans it will not do to waste time with Jonesborough. It is already too late to do the most good that might have been done, but I hope it will still do some good. Please do not lose a moment.


     A. LINCOLN.

EXECUTIVE MANSION, Washington, D. C., September 21, 1863.
Major-General HALLECK:
    I think it very important for General Rosecrans to hold his position at or about Chattanooga, because if held from that place to Cleveland, both inclusive, it keeps all Tennessee clear of the enemy, and also breaks one of his most important railroad lines. To prevent these consequences is so vital to his cause that he cannot give up the effort to dislodge us from the position, thus bringing him to us, and saving us the labor, expense, and hazard of going farther to find him and also giving us the advantage of choosing our own ground and preparing it to fight him upon. The details must, of course, be left to General Rosecrans, while we must furnish him the means to the utmost of our ability. If you concur, I think he should better be informed that we are not pushing him beyond this position, and that, in fact, our judgment is rather against his going beyond it. If he can only maintain this position without more, the rebellion can only eke out a short and feeble existence, as an animal sometimes may with a thorn in its vitals.
    Yours, truly,


    A. LINCOLN.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 1, Pages 147-150.

Lincoln took the calamity at Chickamagua in stride, believing the Confederates would have to come to Rosecrans to follow up their victory and that his strong defensive position would offer them little chance to continue their aggressive behavior.  He would, in this, prove to be correct. 

September 20, 1863 (Tuesday): Half Dead With Fatigure

Chickamauga, September 20.


Map by Hal Jespersen, www.posix.com/CW

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, McDonald's, September 20, 1863-6.35 a.m.
Major-General McCOOK,
Commanding Twentieth Army Corps;
    General Negley's division has been ordered to General Thomas' left. The general commanding directs you to fill the space left vacant by his removal, if practicable. The enemy appears to be moving toward our left.
     Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


     J. A. GARFIELD,
     Brigadier-General, Chief of Staff.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, In the Field,  September 20, 1863-10.10 a.m.
Major-General McCOOK,
Commanding Twentieth Army Corps:
    General Thomas is being heavily pressed on the left. The general commanding directs you to make immediate dispositions to withdraw the right, so as to spare as much force as possible to re-enforce Thomas. The left must be held at all hazards, even if the right is drawn wholly back to the present left. Select a good position back this way, and be ready to start re-enforcements to Thomas at a moment's warning.


     J. A. GARFIELD,
     Brigadier-General, Chief of Staff.

CHATTANOOGA, [September 20,] 1863-3.40 p.m.*
General ROSECRANS:
The operator at Rossville says that the troops have quit passing there, and that he saw General Garfield going back to front while ago, and says that it is reported we are driving them.
     Respectfully,


     HOLDRIDGE.


CHATTANOOGA, September 20, 1863-5 p.m.
Major-General BURNSIDE:
    We have met with a serious disaster. The extent of it is not yet known. If you are near enough to join us, do so at once. If you are still too far away to form a junction, let me know your exact position, and I will advise you what you had better do.


    W. S. ROSECRANS,
    Major-General.


CHATTANOOGA, September 20, 1863-5 o'clock.
General SHERIDAN,
Rossville:
     Verbal message by Captain Hill received. Support General Thomas by all means. If he is obliged to fall back he must secure the Dug [Dry] Valley. Right falling back slowly, contesting the ground inch by inch.
     By order of Major-General Rosecrans:


     C. GODDARD,
     Assistant Adjutant-General.


CHATTANOOGA, TENN., September 20, 1863-5 p.m. (Received 8.40 p.m.)
Major General H. W. HALLECK,
General-in-Chief:
     We have met with a serious disaster; extent not yet ascertained. Enemy overwhelmed us, drove our right, pierced our center, and scattered troops there. Thomas, who had seven divisions, remained intact at last news. Granger, with two brigades, had gone to support Thomas on the left. Every available reserve was used when the men stampeded. Burnside will be notified of the state of things at once, and you will be informed. Troops from Charleston, Florida, Virginia, and all along the seaboard are found among the prisoners. It seems that every available man was thrown against us.


     W. S. ROSECRANS,
     Major-General, Commanding.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY,
In Field, September 20, 1863.-5 p.m.
Major-General WHEELER:
    GENERAL: Your dispatch Numbers 66 just received. The tidings from all parts of the field cheering. Enemy has been driven back from all parts. We have twenty-two pieces of artillery from the enemy.
     Longstreet is now engaged warmly on the left pressing the enemy back. We dispatched you about 2 o'clock to attack the enemy at Gordon's Mills. His force there must be [sic].


     Respectfully.
     GEORGE WM. BRENT,
     Assistant Adjutant-General.


BATTLE-FIELD, September 20, 1863-5.09 p.m.
General WHEELER:
     Lieutenant-General Longstreet orders you to proceed down the road toward the enemy's right, and with your artillery endeavor to enfilade his line, with celerity.
     By order of Lieutenant-General Longstreet:


     THOS. CLAIBORNE,
     Lieutenant Colonel, Cavalry.

ROSSVILLE, September 20, 1863-6.30 p.m.
Major-General ROSECRANS:
      Would it not be well to send a flag of truce to make arrangements to recover our wounded? Otherwise their suffering will be very great. They have only provisions enough for to-night.


     G. PERIN,
     Medical Director.

[ROSSVILLE,] September 20, 1863-8.40 p.m.
Major-General ROSECRANS:
    I have this moment returned from the front. I wrote you a long dispatch as I arrived on the field and while the battle was in progress, but it was so difficult to get communication to the rear that I fear you have not yet received it. Thomas has kept Baird's, Brannan's, Reynold's, Wood's, and Palmer's division in good order, and has maintained almost the exact position he occupied this morning, except
that his right has swung back nearly at right angles with the Gordon's Mills and Rossville road. Negley has stopped about 6,000 men at this place. Sheridan gathered 1,500 of his division, and reached a point 3 miles south of here at sunset. Davis is here with two brigades. General Thomas has fought magnificently. From the time I reached the battle-field (3.45 p.m.) till sunset the fighting was by far the fiercest I have ever seen. Our men not only held their ground, but at many points drove the enemy splendidly. Longstreet's Virginians have got their bellies full. Nearly every division in the field exhausted its ammunition, got supplies, and exhausted it again. Turchin charged the rebel lines and took 500 prisoners; became enveloped, swept around behind their lines and cut his way out in another place, but abandoned his prisoners. Another brigade was attacked just at the close of the fight, and its ammunition being exhausted, it went in with the bayonet and drove the rebels, taking over 200 prisoners, and have got them yet. On the whole, Generals Thomas and Granger have got them, and they have successfully repelled the repeated combined attacks, most fiercely made, of the whole rebel army, frequently pressing the front and both flanks at the same time. The disaster on the right cannot, of course, be estimated now. It must be very considerable in men and material, especially the latter. The rebels have, however, done their best to-day, and I believe we can whip them to-morrow. I believe we can now crown the whole battle with victory. Granger regards them as thoroughly whipped to-night, and thinks they would not renew the fight were we to remain on the field. Clouds of dust to the eastward and northward seem to indicate some movement to our left. Sheridan thinks they may be projecting to come in directly on Chattanooga. I do not think so. Your order to retire on this place was received a little after sunset and communicated to General Thomas and Granger. The troops are now moving back, and will be here in good shape and strong position before morning. I hope you will not budge an inch from this place, but come up early in the morning, and if the rebs try it on, accommodate them. General Mitchell left Crawfish Spring at 5 p.m. Our trains are reported safe with him. We have not heard from General McCook. General Crittenden reported with you. General Lytle killed; also Colonel King and many officers. If I am not needed at headquarters to-night I will stay here. I am half dead with fatigue. Answer if I can do anything here.



      J. A. GARFIELD,
      Brigadier-General, Chief of Staff.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND,
September 20, 1863-9.30 p.m.
Brigadier-General GARFIELD,
Chief of Staff:
     You may stay all night. It the enemy are drifting toward our left (Rossville position), have men ordered up. I like your suggestions.


     W. S. ROSECRANS,
     Major-General.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 1, Pages 140-145, 675, 749, 965.

In general, communication from the field during battles exists in much fuller measure in the Union archives.  Not much Confederate correspondence from battles remains.  Here, only the reports of Wheeler give any feel for rebel activity.  Garfield's reports reflect a fighting spirit, but limited awareness of how bad the situation was.  Thomas had, indeed, been the "Rock of Chickmauga" and held fast after Longstreet's Corp had punctured the Union center and the Confederates increased pressure to the breaking point on the Union left.  There is something poignant in the message of Perin, the medical director, as he considers what will become of the wounded left on the battlefield.  Combined casualties in killed, wounded, and captured between the two armies would be over 34,000.  It was, perhaps, as close as either army would come to the complete destruction of an opposing army in a major battle, but Bragg would not be able to exploit his victory.


Monday, September 23, 2013

September 19, 1863 (Monday): Battle at Chickamauga Intensifies

Map by Hal Jespersen, www.posix.com/CW

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, Crawfish Spring, September 19, 1863-8.10 a.m.
[Received 8.50 a.m.]
Major-General CRITTENDEN, Comdg. Twenty-first Army Corps:
    Your dispatch of 7.40 a.m. is received. Colonel Dan. McCook's brigade was at Reed's Bridge early this morning and captured a few prisoners from the rear of a retreating column. The general commanding is anxious to know what are the developments on the left. We hear artillery at Gordon's Mills and a few dropping shots on Negley's front.
    Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


    J. A. GARFIELD,
    Brigadier-General, Chief of Staff.

ROSSVILLE, September 19, 1863-8.15 a.m.
General GARFIELD:
     McCook took Reed's Bridge and burned it this morning. Whitaker was unable to reach Reed House. Is now in position at McAfee's Spring. Whitaker reports the enemy moving on his front and left this morning. No other indications of the enemy. Have ordered McCook's and Mitchell's brigades to fall back from Reed's Bridge to this place. I have requested Wagner to keep the cavalry [out] and to keep me well advised.


     G. GRANGER,
     Major-General.


HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND,
Widow Glenn's, September 19, 1863.
Colonel R. H. G. MINTY:
    Your dispatch received. All right. Watch our left and keep us well advised.
     Respectfully,


    W. S. ROSECRANS.



HDQRS. THIRD DIVISION, TWENTIETH ARMY CORPS,
September 19, 1863.
Major-General McCOOK:
    GENERAL: My pickets report that the rumbling of carriages can be heard in front of them, and that the sound indicates a movement to the left. I would request that General Lytle be relieved from his position at the ford at Gordon's Mills and allowed to join me, as I may need the entire strength of the division. There is quite an interval on my immediate left which should be filled up.
    I am, general, yours, respectfully,


    P. H. SHERIDAN,
    Major-General

HEADQUARTERS FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS,
Near McDonald's House, September 19, 1863-9.30 a.m.
General ROSECRANS:
    The enemy are reported this side of the Chickamauga, between Alexander's Bridge and Reed's Bridge. I am advancing in the direction of Reed's Bridge, holding a front in the direction of Alexander's Bridge. If General Crittenden will advance from Gordon's Mills on them at Alexander's Bridge we can, I think, use them up. I have two divisions ready to advance; the other will be up soon. Some prisoners taken by Colonel McCook last night say they belong to Hood's division.
    Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


    GEO. H. THOMAS,
    Major-General, U. S. Volunteers.


NEAR McDANIEL'S [McDONALD'S] HOUSE,
[September 19,1863-12 m.]
[General ROSECRANS:]
    GENERAL: General Thomas, whom I have met on his second line, wishes me to say that one of his brigades was this morning attacked by overwhelming force and driven back, and two others have since been driven. General Thomas says that he is now holding his position, and has ordered up General Reynolds. He thought General Palmer was on his right, but found he was not. Thinks he is moving in now. General Brannan has driven the enemy across the creek and turned their right. Enemy opposite from Joe Johnston's army. All on Thomas' left appears quiet. General Thomas expects to drive the rebels as soon as Reynolds and Palmer get up.
     Respectfully,


     G. BURROUGHS,
     Lieutenant of Engineers.

HEADQUARTERS FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS, NEAR McDANIEL'S [McDONALD'S]
HOUSE,
September 19, 1863-1 p.m.
General GORDON GRANGER,
Rossville:
    Please give me the state of affairs with you. The enemy are fighting me with very heavy forces. We have taken many prisoners from Virginia regiments and Johnston's army, showing Bragg has been re-enforced from both.
    Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


    GEO. H. THOMAS,
    Major-General, U. S. Volunteers, Commanding.


HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, Widow Glenn's, September 19, 1863-2.40 p.m. Major-General McCOOK,
Commanding Twentieth Army Corps:
    The tide of battle sweeps to the right. The general commanding thinks you can now move the two brigades of Sheridan to this place. Leave the one brigade posted at Gordon's Mills, to be used there or this way, as circumstances may require. If the right is secure, some forward and directed your forces now fighting.
     Very respectfully,


     J. A. GARFIELD,
     Brigadier-General, Chief of Staff.

HDQRS. DEPARTMENT, September 19, 1863.
[Received] (3.10 p.m.)
Major-General CRITTENDEN,
Commanding,&c.:
    Dispatch from General Thomas of 3 p.m., just received, says:
     We are driving the rebels in the center handsomely, so General Johnson's aide reports to me. My First Division was considerably cut up, but we have taken many prisoners. I am in hopes we will drive them across the Chickamauga to-night.
     Sent by order General Rosecrans:


     FRANK S. BOND,
     Major, and aide-de-Camp.

 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, Widow Glenn's, September 19, 1863-4.25 p.m.
Major-General THOMAS,
Commanding Fourteenth Army Corps:
     General Negley has arrived and is just going in to the left of this place. There seems to be a gap in our line. Van Cleve has been driven in, but is now rallying. We have not heard from you for some time. Is the left clear of rebels? Do you know anything of the gap in the line referred to above?


     J. A. G[ARFIELD].

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, Via Widow Glenn's, September 19, 1863-5 p.m.
Major-General THOMAS,
Commanding Fourteenth Army Corps:
    The general commanding is very anxious to hear from you. There is a break in the line between you and this place, and we do not yet know how it occurred. Where is Palmer, and how is he posted? Let us know from your at once.


    J. A. G[ARFIELD].

HEADQUARTERS FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS,
Near McDonald's House, September 19, 1863-7.10 p.m.
Major-General ROSECRANS,
Widow Glenn's:
    Your dispatch of 5 p.m. is just received. We drove the enemy in front of us steadily to-day, but, our lines being very much attenuated, I have drawn them in to-night, and they now reach from the road leading through Mission Ridge from Crawfish Spring to Rossville,across the direct road from Rossville to Gordon's Mills to a road leading from Rossville to Reed's Bridge. Just at dark they made a terrific attack on Johnson's division and threw them into considerable confusion, and for that reason I should very much like to have [re-enforcements sent] up to support my left. The positions of the divisions are as follows: Brannan's right occupying the slopes of Mission Ridge, Reynolds next, Palmer next, Johnson next, and Baird on the left.
    Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


     GEO. H. THOMAS,
     Major-General, U. S. Volunteers, Commanding.

HEADQUARTERS FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS,
Battle-field, September 19, 1863.
Major General GORDON GRANGER:
    We had a severe engagement with the enemy to-day, driving the rebels on the left and holding our town on the right.
    Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


    GEO. H. THOMAS,
    Major-General, U. S. Volunteers, Commanding.


HDQRS. DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND,
September 19, 1863-8 p.m. (Received 12.30 a.m.,21st.)
Major General H. W. HALLECK,
General-in-Chief:
     We have just concluded a terrific day's fighting, and have another in prospect for to-morrow. The enemy attempted to turn our left, but his design was anticipated, and a sufficient force placed there to render his attempt abortive. The battle-ground was densely wooded and its surface irregular and difficult. We could make but little use of our artillery. The number of our killed is inconsiderable; that of our wounded very heavy. The enemy was greatly our superior in numbers. Among our prisoners are men from some third regiments. We have taken 10 cannon and lost 7. The army is in excellent condition and spirits, and, by the blessing of Providence, the defeat of the enemy will be total to-morrow.


     W. S. ROSECRANS,
     Major-General.


[VIA] CHATTANOOGA, September 19, 1863.
The PRESIDENT:
Have captured 10 pieces of artillery. Took prisoners from thirty different regiments, and with the blessing of God will do more to-morrow.


    W. S. ROSECRANS.

HEADQUARTERS FIRST DIVISION, RESERVE CORPS,
McAfee's Chapel or Spring, September 19, 1863-9 p.m.
COMMANDING OFFICER FORCES ON THE LEFT,
Fourteenth Army Corps, Dept. of the Cumberland:
GENERAL: I have the honor to report that my command is now occupying a line extending across the old Federal or Upper Ringgold road, extending to the Cleveland road on the left, and in the supposed direction of the left of the Fourteenth Army Corps, on the right, some half mile. I am some 3 miles from Rossville, on a small stream designated on our map as the West Chickamauga. I send an orderly to find your left. The enemy are in considerable force in my front this side of the Chickamauga River. I intend to attack them in the morning. Please give me such information as will be of interest in regard to the position of your left. A portion of my command was engaged this evening with a superior force of the enemy, much to the credit of my troops engaged.
    I have the honor, &c., respectfully, your obedient servant,


    JAMES B. STEEDMAN,
    Brigadier-General, Commanding Division.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND,
September 19, 1863.
Major-General THOMAS,
Commanding Fourteenth Army Corps:
    The general commanding desires you to call on him at headquarters immediately. The other corps commanders are here. He regrets to ask you to come so far, but it is necessary.
    Yours, truly,


    J. A. GARFIELD,
    Brigadier-General, and Chief of Staff.


Official Records, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 1, Pages 68, 124, 127, 129, 134, 136, 964, 998, 999. Series I., Vol. 30, Part 3, Page 740.

Bragg intended an all out assault for the 20th against what he believed was the exposed Union left, extending no further than Gordon's Mills.  However, Thomas' command was spread out over a wide area, covering much more ground than anticipated.  The battle opened with a clash at Jay's Mill between Minty's troops and Confederate cavalry, reinforced by Walker's infantry division.  Bragg was now sending massive elements north to try and locate the Union left.  Around 11 a.m. Cheatham's Division collided with Palmer's Union division.  The encounters were unexpected, violent, and uncoordinated due to the heavily wooded terrain.  At 2PM, Hood's Division hit the much smaller Union Division of Davis and fighting spread to near the Viniyard Farm.  There was a risk of a Union rout at this point, only overcome by several counterattacks over the next two hours, with the focus of battle near the Widow Glen's.  Bragg continued to waste troops in sporadic attacks, culminating in Cleaburn's Division engaging in three hours of severe fighting on the Confederate right.  The day closed with the Union forces hanging on tenaciously, and Bragg still searching for the Union left.

Wednesday, September 18, 2013

September 18, 1863 (Sunday): Clash at Chickamaugua

First Day at Chickamauga
Map by Hal Jespersen, www.posix.com/CW

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF TENNESSEE,
In the Field, Leet's Tan-yard, September 18, 1863.
1. Johnson's column (Hood's), on crossing at or near Reed's Bridge, will turn to the left by the most practicable route and sweep up the Chickamauga, toward Lee and Gordon's Mills.
2. Walker, crossing at Alexander's Bridge, will unite in this move and push vigorously on the enemy's flank and rear in the same direction.
3. Buckner, crossing at Thedford's Ford, will join in the movement to the left, and press the enemy up the stream from Polk's front at Lee and Gordon's Mills.
4. Polk will press his forces to the front of Lee and Gordon's Mills, and if met by too much resistance to cross will bear to the right and cross at Dalton's Ford, or at Thedford's, as may be necessary, and join in the attack wherever the enemy may be.
5. Hill will cover our left flank from an advance of the enemy from the cove and by pressing the cavalry in his front ascertain if the enemy is re-enforcing at Lee and Gordon's Mills, in which event he will attack them in flank.
6. Wheeler's cavalry will hold the gaps in Pigeon Mountain and cover our rear and left and bring up stragglers.
7. All teams, &c., not with troops should go toward Ringgold and Dalton, beyond Taylor's Ridge. All cooking should be done at the trains. Rations, when cooked, will be forwarded to the troops.
8. The above movements will be executed with the utmost promptness, vigor, and persistence.
     By command of General Bragg:


     GEORGE WM. BRENT,
     Assistant Adjutant-General.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND,
Crawfish Spring, September 18, 1863-9 a.m.
Major General GEORGE H. THOMAS:
    GENERAL: Clouds of dust and smoke indicate the enemy's cavalry is moving in heavy force from Worthen's to Knaper's [Napier's], and are sweeping around to our left. Have you any news from your front?
     Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


     J. A. GARFIELD,
     Brigadier-General, and Chief of Staff.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF TENNESSEE,
In the Field, Leet's Tan-yard, September 18, 1863.
[General POLK:]
    Brigadier General B. R. Johnson, commanding Hood's division, has crossed at Reed's Bridge, and is now on the west bank of the Chickamauga. Generals Walker and Buckner have been directed to cross at once and co-operate with him.
     I am, general, your obedient servant,


     KINLOCH FALCONER.
     Assistant Adjutant-General.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, Crawfish Spring, September 19, 1863-9.50 a.m.
Major General GEORGE H. THOMAS:
     Your note of 9.30 is received. The general commanding does not think you should commit yourself to any considerable movement before we hear from our extreme left. The rumor that the enemy is between Alexander's and Reed's bridges can hardly be true. McCook was at the former place last night, and Colonel Grose's brigade started it that direction nearly two hours ago. The general commanding directs you to reconnoiter thoroughly before moving out in force. Meantime get a good position.
     Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


    J. A. GARFIELD,
    Brigadier-General, Chief of Staff.



HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND,
Crawfish Spring, September 18, 1863-10.45 a.m.
Major-General McCOOK:
    The general commanding directs you to move your command down the Chickamauga and close it up compactly on General Thomas' right. The Fourteenth Army Corps is being drawn this way, and you will close in upon it in its new position. General Mitchell has been ordered to hold Stevens' Gap and watch the enemy's movements in the direction of the gaps of Pigeon Mountain. Hold your command in readiness for any movement. The enemy appear to be making a demonstration on Crittenden's left. Reconnoiter well your front.
     Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


    J. A. GARFIELD,
    Brigadier-General, and Chief of Staff.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE CUMBERLAND, Widow Glenn's, September 19, 1863-noon.
Major-General THOMAS,
Commanding Fourteenth Army Corps:
    The general commanding desires you to inform him of the general direction of you line of battle. He suggests that it should be en echelon in the general direction of northwest and southeast, with your left hugging the mountain and keeping your right refused. This is based on the supposition that Bragg has formed a line facing westward, and is attempting to turn your left by the Ringgold road.
    Of course circumstances should modify your position.


    J. A. G[ARFIELD].



HDQRS. POLK'S CORPS, ARMY OF TENNESSEE,
Anderson's House, Two Miles from Gordon's Mills,
September 18, 1863-12.30 p. m.
     GENERAL: This column found the enemy in some force (not large) a short distance beyond this point. I am now engaged in deploying my troops and posting my batteries with a view of pressing him. A few of my batteries have already opened. A citizen from the other side of the river this morning reports the presence of five generals (Crittenden, Wood, Van Cleve, Palmer, and a Dutchman, whose name was not remembered). A staff officer this morning reports the enemy's column moving down Chickamauga on the other side in quiet line.
     Respectfully, general, your obedient servant,


     L. POLK,
     Lieutenant-General, Commanding.
     Brigadier-General MACKALL.

GLASS' MILL, [September 18, 1863]- 1 p.m.
General POLK,
Commanding Corps:
     GENERAL: I have driven the enemy's pickets across the creek. Citizens report no movement near here last night. There is an excellent position for another corps on your left. Its right resting a little below this place and its left toward Pigeon Ridge, its right would be immediately on the creek.
I have just captured a prisoner of Palmer's corps, who states that Thomas' division moved into camp on their right late last night. The main camp seems to be about opposite Owens' Ford, which is now nearly on my left. Were General Hill to take position where I have mentioned his center would cover it.
     Respectfully,

     F. C. ARMSTRONG,
     Brigadier-General.


HEADQUARTERS, September 18, 1863-2 p.m.
Major General THOMAS L. CRITTENDEN,
Commanding:
    GENERAL: My right rests at the point we selected on Sunday last and the left extends to about one-quarter of a mile east of the Rossville and La Fayette roads. A brigade and a half of Van Cleve's hold the left of the line and the remainder is held by my two brigades. I have a small part of my two brigades in reserve and two regiments of Van Cleve's. General Palmer should be forced up against my right. The enemy appears to have a heavy force of infantry opposite my right and center, and the lookouts from trees report another column or force moving toward our left. He has just opened on me with artillery for the first time.
    Respectfully,


    THE. J. WOOD,
    Brigadier-General of Volunteers, Commanding.


SEPTEMBER 18, 1863-2.40 p.m.
General GARFIELD:
    An order came in my absence for me to close up on Thomas. This moment a telegram comes to hold myself in readiness. Shall I move or be ready to move? All quiet on my front and right. General   Reynolds wishes to know where Cook's Mill is.


     McCOOK,
     Major-General, Commanding.

HEADQUARTERS TWENTIETH ARMY CORPS,
September 18, 1863-2.45 p.m.
General GARFIELD, Chief of Staff:
    GENERAL: Your dispatch of 1 p.m. just received. General Lytle, with his brigades, arrived here last night. His troops are now in position. My wagon train all came down the mountain this morning. Colonel Post's brigade is now marching from Winston's to this place. If you wish, I can direct him to any point on the mountain you may designate. I will await your order. I think the demonstration on the left is a reconnaissance, as Wheeler's demonstration yesterday developed nothing. They evidently saw our movement and are anxious. Thank God we have the wind and dust in our favor.
     Respectfully,


     A. McD. McCOOK,
     Major-General.

     P. S. - I await your order to move up.
     A. McD. McC.



CHATTANOOGA AND GORDON'S MILLS ROAD, ONE AND A HALF MILES FROM GORDON'S MILLS,
September 18, 1863-4 p.m.
Colonel GODDARD,
Assistant Adjutant-General, and Chief of Staff:
     The enemy are crossing (infantry and cavalry) Chickamauga Creek at Alexander's and Byram's Ford below. Colonel Minty has fallen back toward Rossville; has two of my regiments. Colonel Minty reports cannonading toward Cleveland last night. This forenoon a column of dust arose in Napier's Gap; three hours in passing. A large camp fire is now seen at Napier's. The column that attacked me came through Napier's Gap; another column came from the direction of Peeler's. Colonel Minty reports infantry flanking him on both flanks.
     I am, sir, very respectfully, &c.,


    J. T. WILDER,
    Colonel, Commanding Brigade.


HEADQUARTERS POLK'S CORPS, ARMY OF TENNESSEE,
Anderson's House, September 18, 1863-5.40 p. m.
    GENERAL: I have pressed down to a point immediately opposite Gordon's Mills, and find the hills on the other side occupied strongly with infantry and batteries. The ground on the other side is high and commanding, and covered with wood. That on this side is low, and consists of open fields. As Buckner and Cheatham are in possession of Hunt's and Thedford's Fords, within a short distance below, and I have a good road into their line of march, I shall continue to threaten this position and shall pass over below. I am just advised by one of my staff officers that the column above me was in the act of crossing as he left it.
    Respectfully, general, your obedient servant,


    L. POLK,
    Lieutenant-General, Commanding.
    Brigadier-General MACKALL,
    Assistant Adjutant-General.


HEADQUARTERS FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS,
Crawfish Spring, September 18, 1863-8 p.m.
Major General JAMES S. NEGLEY,
Commanding Second Division:
    GENERAL: As soon as possible push down strong pickets along your whole front from the Crawfish Creek, on your left, to your right beyond Matthews' house, or till you connect with the pickets on your right. You will push them well down to the Chickamauga River, as the enemy are reported as lodging their pickets in the woods on our side. Much of the defensible ground is between the road you are on and the river. All the range there is for artillery consists of the clearing which run from the river to the ridge tops. They must be held.


     GEO. H. THOMAS,
     Major-General, U. S. Volunteers, Commanding.

HDQRS. FIRST BRIG., FOURTH DIV., 14TH ARMY CORPS,
Vineyard's, on Chattanooga Road, September 18, 1863-8.50 p. m.
Colonel GODDARD,
Assistant Adjutant-General:
    I send you Mr. McDowell, who lives 3 miles this side of Rossville, and knows all the roads in this vicinity. The rebels are across Chickamauga, and are found in force on any of the roads leading to the right, at a quarter of a mile. They are planting artillery in my front, and our lines of skirmishers are mixed together. My main line and theirs is not more than 200 yards apart, and not more than 600 yards from the road from Gordon's Mills to Chattanooga, 1 1/4 miles from Gordon's Mills.
I have no position for artillery, and if my right is not strengthened, am in danger of being driven back. They attacked us at dark with cheers, but were held in check. Their force is nearly all infantry, and from appearances it is a large one.
     I am, very respectfully, yours, &c.,


     J. T. WILDER,
     Colonel, &c.


Official Record Series I., Vol. 30, Part 1, Pages 66, 73, 107, 108, 112, 114, 118, 240, 416, Vol. 30, Part 2, Pages 46, Vol. 30, Part 3, Pages 725, 726, Part 4, Pages 663, 667,

The battle begins with Confederate forces trying to force a passage at Reed's Bridge.  As the day progresses, more troops are fed into the fight on both sides.  It stands out that it was readily apparent artillery would not be of great use in the densely forested terrain.  Lines were fluid.  The presence of the enemy, and their intentions, relatively little known.  Although the fighting on the 18th is not nearly as heavy as the violent clash of the next day, the names which would come to fame are already on the scene.  Wilder fighting to delay the Confederate crossing.  Thomas defending the vulnerable Union left.  Hood deploying against the Union left, Polk the right.  Also noteworthy is how little communication there is from Rosecrans, who seems to have been unprepared for the battle taking shape.  For geographical reference, the Union HQ was at Crawfish Spring's, in what is now the town of Chickamaugua, just south of the battlefield.  Leet's Tanyard, the nominal Confederate HQ was south and west of there near Ringold.

September 17, 1863 (Saturday): Stuart Looks To The Artillery

General J. E. B. Stuart



GENERAL ORDERS,
HDQRS. CAVALRY CORPS, A. N. VA., No. 3. September 17, 1863.
   Officers immediately in command on the battle-field will be held to strict accountability for the safety of artillery operating with their commands. They will see that a sufficient support of cavalry sharpshooters is in every case specially charged with its support and protection at all hazards.
    By command of Major General J. E. B. Stuart:


    H. B. McCLELLAN,
    Major, and Assistant Adjutant-General.

Series I., Vol. 29, Part 2, Page 729.

It is interesting to speculate as to what caused Stuart to bring up the topic of the artillery's safety.  The horse artillery attached to his command was often in the thick of fighting and by necessity required greater support than might be needed by the heavy artillery attached to corps.

Tuesday, September 17, 2013

September 16, 1863 (Friday): The McCooks Prepare for Battle

General Andrew McDowell McCook


HEADQUARTERS TWENTIETH ARMY CORPS, Camp 5 Miles of Stevens' Mill, September 16, 1863-3.15 p. m.
Major General G. H. THOMAS,
Commanding Fourteenth Corps:
    GENERAL: Your dispatch of 6.30 a. m. reached me here. Sheridan with two brigades of his division camps at his old camp about 9 miles of Trenton; his troops are now near there. Johnson and Davis, each with two brigades of their commands, are at Long's Spring, 3 1/2 miles above here. Sheridan will be ready to ascend the gap at Johnson's Crook at an early hour in the morning. Johnson and Davis will be ready to follow. My wagon train is yet on Lookout Mountain, and I think I will order it to our position by way of the mountain top, as I hear the road near you is a bad one.
You, of course, heard the news from Crook, capturing 18 of Fourteenth Louisiana on picket 3 miles from La Fayette. They had heard nothing of Ed. McCook this morning when I left there for summit of Lookout Mountain at 7.30 o'clock. He took his crowbars and implements for destroying railroads, and I think he is up to some devilment. I would not be surprised if we hear of him on the railroad.     This is conjecture on my part, but believe there is something in it.
     I have had a long ride and but little sleep for the last two nights, or I would be up in person this evening; but I could be of no service without my troops, and concluded to rest here to-night.
I think all of Johnston's army is at La Fayette except Loring's division, which went to Charleston. I hardly think they will fight at La Fayette. They have much better places a little farther to their rear.
      Hoping to see you in the morning, I remain, sincerely and respectfully,


      A. McD. McCOOK,
      Major-General.

      P. S.-Please send this to General Rosecrans.
      A. McD. McC.

Official Records Series I., Vol. 30, Part 3, Pages 675-676.

McCook was one of the famous McCook family of Dayton, Ohio.  His father, seven brothers, and five cousins fought for the Union.  Three of his brothers reached the rank of general.  The assumption made here is Joe Johnston is in command of the Confederate forces.  It was, in fact, Bragg in command. 

September 15, 1863 (Thursday): Gone to Richmond

Lt. Washington Augustus Roebling



General S. WILLIAMS.
CULPEPER,
September 15, 1863-8.50 p.m.
    Deserters and the current opinion of those I can get anything out of are positive that Longstreet's corps has gone to Richmond or farther south; that Ewell's and Hill's corps are about Orange Court-House, and General Lee is in command. Pleasonton reports Germanna Ford as the best place to cross. He says: "If you (I) were at the Rapidan Station now to occupy the attention of the enemy I believe I could effect a crossing below." I cannot move down there with safely, unless another corps moves out here.
     From the best information I can get to-night, the enemy still hold this side of the Rapidan bridge, so I cannot have it reconstructed. The map indicates steeps banks on each side from that point down to Somerville Ford. The Clark's Mountain gives the enemy all the command, and I believe there is no command for our artillery till Germanna Ford is reached. There is a mill race on the other side, which gives the enemy's infantry shelter. It seems to me that the best way to turn the enemy is by a rapid move of troops toward Germanna or Ely's Fords.
    General Pleasonton said he would report in full about the crossing to-night, but he has not yet done it. He says will you as General Meade to let me have the cavalry Kilpatrick and Gregg left behind on picket? We are very short-handed at this time. Lieutenant Gillespie has arrived. I will send both him and Lieutenant Roebling out to-morrow.


     G. K. WARREN,
     Major-General.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 29, Part 1, Page 133.

In our modern age of spy satellites, aerial reconnaisance, and CNN it is incomprehensible an Army Corp could disappear without the enemy knowing of it.  Yet the Union Army high command is not aware Longstreet has gone west.  The have the idea he is not on the line of the Rappahannock, but the consensus of opinion is he has gone to Richmond.  The young Lieutenant mentioned here, Roebling, was Washington Augustus Roebling, who after the war would gain fame as the builder of the Brooklyn Bridge.

September 14, 1863 (Wednesday): Crittenden Isolated


General T. L. Crittenden

HEADQUARTERS TWENTY-FIRST ARMY CORPS, Gordon's Mills, September 14, 1863-12.30 p. m.
Brigadier General J. A. GARFIELD:
     I have this moment returned from the front. I am confident that there is no considerable force of infantry near me at this time. My reconnaissance to the front proves that there is none in that direction as far out as 5 miles. The firing which Oldershaw thought was from Wilder's, was from Van Cleve's front, mostly from two rebel guns. Van Cleve has not reported, but I am satisfied they are not about to attack me here to-day. Indeed, I think I can whip them if they do-all of them. We are, I think, in a position that they can turn, but I also think they dare not pass me. If they should I can join General Thomas, or rather he can join me, and our army get together here or at La Fayette. But this is mere speculation. I don't think they will come.
     As there is no force of ours at Ringgold, had you not better order Minty, if he is near you, to leave some force at Rossville? I am afraid cavalry may come in from toward Ringgold, and cut off my communication. I will send you dispatch as soon as I get detailed report from my different reconnaissances.
      Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


      T. L. CRITTENDEN,
      Major-General, Commanding.

      [Indorsement.]


       Above just received from General Crittenden, 3.25 p. m.
       C. G.

One hundred and sixty men of Tenth Ohio, under Major Hudson, have just started for Rossville to guard the roads from there, particularly the Dalton road.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 3, Page 632.

After the exchange at Lee & Gordon's the previous day Crittenden was isolated from the rest of the Union Army.  Here he does not appear fully aware of the danger of his position.  What preserved his security, at least temporarily, was that Bragg was waiting to bring Longstreet's men into his army.  They were now arriving in the area by rail from Atlanta. 

September 13, 1863 (Tuesday): Skirmish at Gordon's Mills

Lee & Gordon's Mills (Roadside Georgia.com)




SIGNAL STATION, NEAR ROSSVILLE,
September 13, 1863. (Received 12.35.)
General GARFIELD:
    I hear heavy firing near Gordon's Mills. It sounds like artillery.
I think it is southwest of Gordon's Mills. Thirty minutes since I first heard it. It has ceased now.


     J. R. FITCH,
     Signal Officer.


LOOKOUT STATION, September 13, 1863-12 m.
Captain MERRILL:
     Can see a heavy column of smoke south-southeast, about 12 or 15 miles.


     BERRY.


SIGNAL STATION, ROSSVILLE,
September 13, 1863. (Received 1.05 p. m.)
Captain MERRILL:
     Firing renewed here; musketry and artillery. See large cloud of dust near Gordon's Mills.


    J. R. FITCH,
    Signal Officer.


JOHNSON'S CROOK STATION, September 13, 1863.
Captain J. MERRILL, Chief Signal Officer:
     The line will be completed tomorrow a. m. to General Thomas. Am waiting for the telegraph train to get up the mountain.


     WM. A. SEITER,
     Captain and Acting Signal Officer.

MONTGOMERY, September 13, 1863.
General BRAGG,
Chickamauga:
     The Virginia troops are reported arriving in Atlanta. McNair's and Gregg's brigades are therefore, I suppose, no longer required; please send them back, therefore.


     J. E. J.


CIRCULAR.] HEADQUARTERS POLK'S CORPS,
Rock Spring Church, September 13, 1863-7 a.m.
     The lieutenant-general commanding announces his intention of making the attack so soon as the division commanders are ready for it. The moment they are ready they will notify him of the fact.       The attack will begin on left wing.
     By command of Lieutenant-General Polk:


     [THOS. M. JACK.]
     Assistant Adjutant-General.

ORDERS.] SEPTEMBER 13, 1863-8.30 a.m.
Major-Generals Cheatham, Hindman, and Waker will push forward a brigade each on the Gordon's Mills, Pea Vine, and Ringgold roads respectively, following the cavalry, in order to develop the enemy.


    [THOS. M. JACK,]
    Assistant Adjutant-General.

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 30, Part 3, Page 597 and Series I., Vol 30, Part 4, Page 645.

Both armies were on the move North from Chattanooga.  The Confederates had been passing through LaFayette, with the cavalry concentrated near Gordon's Mills.  McCook was pressing North with orders to develop the Confederate position.  A sharp skirmish ensued with few casualties but an exchange of artillery fire.  Union infantry gradually moved up and pushed back Armstrong's cavalry. 

Thursday, September 12, 2013

September 12, 1863 (Monday): Reliable Intelligence




HDQRS. ARMY AND DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA,
New Berne, N. C., September 12, 1863.
(Received Hdqrs. Dept. Cumberland, October 16, 1863.)
Major-General FOSTER,
Commanding Dept. of Virginia and North Carolina:
    GENERAL: By a flag of truce, I received some papers, which I send you. Governor Vance issued a proclamation on the 7th, calling upon the people to be united and to support the Confederate Government, &c.
     A Mr. Clements, of Pennsylvania, has just arrived from Graham, N. C., where he has a son-in-law. He was on a visit at the outbreak, and has been detained until now. He is a man of sixty years, and very good sense. He says that a large body of troops passed from General Lee's army to the west, for General Bragg, estimated at varying from 15,000 to 20,000. Being a railroad man, from what he saw and learned from others, he judges about 13,000. The last of one portion passed through Raleigh on Tuesday of this week (8th). He conversed with some of the troops, and all said they were going to Bragg, and that it would not be known at the North.
     A riot occurred in Raleigh; some of the Georgia troops attacked the office of the Standard; bells sounded, people assembled in a very excited state. Governor Vance addressed them, but the other office was attacked.
    This information may be of no great importance when it reaches you, but I deem it proper to communicate it at once. Major Jenney, of my staff, leaves this evening for the Guide, at Beaufort, and will sail at daybreak, or as soon as the vessel can cross the bar.
     Very respectfully, your obedient servant,


     JOHN J. PECK,
     Major-General.

     [Indorsement.]

Official Records, Series I., Vol. 29, Part 2, Page 173.

The news provided by the gentleman from Pennsylvania was very accurate.  He described Longstreet's Corp being moved through Raleigh as well as the attack of Georgia troop on the Raleigh Standard newspaper.  The paper tended not to be supportive of the war effort and was attacked by Georgia troops. Support for the war was waning in North Carolina and desertion rates were high.